Chapter 14

StudyBlue printing of Chapter 14 html, body, div, span, applet, object, iframe, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p, blockquote, pre, a, abbr, acronym, address, big, cite, code, del, dfn, em, font, img, ins, kbd, q, s, samp, small, strike, strong, sub, sup, tt, var, b, u, i, center, fieldset, form, label, legend, table, caption, tbody, tfoot, thead, tr, th, td { margin: 0; padding: 0; border: 0; outline: 0; font-size: 100%; background: transparent; } body { line-height: 1; } blockquote, q { quotes: none; } blockquote:before, blockquote:after, q:before, q:after { content: ''; content: none; } /* remember to define focus styles! */ :focus { outline: 0; } /* remember to highlight inserts somehow! */ ins { text-decoration: none; } del { text-decoration: line-through; } /* tables still need 'cellspacing="0"' in the markup */ table { border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0; } /* end RESET */ .header { min-width:800px; } .logo { padding:6px 20px 2px 20px; margin:0; font-size:25px; font-weight:bold; color:#808285; position:relative; border-bottom: 1px solid #c5c5c5; } .logo-blue { color:#70adc4; } .logo-desc { font-weight:normal; font-size:19px; color:#cccccc; margin-top:50px; position:absolute; display: none; } .back-button { position:absolute; top:20px; right:20px; font-size:13px; line-height:25px; color:rgb(0,175,225); font-weight:normal; } .back-button a { color:rgb(0,175,225); } .instructions { padding:0; margin:0; width:100%; position:relative; color:rgb(100,100,100); } .step-holder { border-left:1px solid #ededed; margin-left:20px; } .steps { padding:15px 0; float:left; width:24%; border-right:1px solid #ededed; text-align:center; } .steps-01 { } .steps-02 { } .steps-03 { } .steps-04 { } .label { padding:5px 10px; } .print-button { } .print-button a { background-color:rgb(0,175,225); color:white; line-height: 19px; padding:9px 8px 5px 30px; font-size:14px; text-decoration:none; background-image: url(images/printer.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 7px 50%; -moz-border-radius: 5px; -webkit-border-radius: 5px; } .print-button a:hover { background-color:black; } .theNote .content { width: 8.0in !important; margin: 5px auto; padding:20px; background-color:white; } .theNote .header { border-bottom: 1px dashed #C8C8C8; font-size: 17px; padding: 0 0 10px; line-height: 19px; color: #00ADE1; min-width:500px; } .theNote .body { font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; padding: 10px 0; } .theNote{ padding:6px 0; clear:both; background-color: rgb(200,200,200); } .theNote h3{ color: rgb(100,100,100); } .theNote h1, .theNote h3{ background-color:white; padding:2px 20px; width:8.0in !important; margin: 0 auto; font-size: 15px; } .theNote h1{ padding-top: 10px; font-size: 15px; } .theNote h1:first-child{ font-size: 20px; } .theNote h3 { font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; } #options { border: 3px double #ccc; padding: 5px 12px; margin: 10px 50px 10px 20px; float: left; } #info { border-top: 1px solid #ccc; padding-top: 5px; font-style: italic; } li { margin: 5px 10px 5px 25px; } ul li { list-style: disc; } ol li { list-style: decimal; } img { border: 0; } table { clear: both; width: 100%; border: 1px solid #c5c5c5; border-width: 1px 0; margin: 0; page-break-after: always; } table#page { page-break-after: auto; } td { text-align: center; font-size: 12px; border-bottom: 1px dashed #c5c5c5; height: 1.75in; width: 50%; padding-left: 15px; } .leftside { border-right: 1px solid #cccccc; padding: 0 15px 0 0; } .bottom td { border-bottom: none; } .clearfix { clear:both; line-height:1px; height:1px; } img { max-width:80%; max-height:150px; margin:20px; } @media print {.header { display: none; } .content .header{ display:inherit; } table { border: 1px dashed #bbb; border-width: 1px 0; } .theNote{ background-color:white; } } US Supreme Court US Supreme Court Judiciary: 1. in the US, the judiciary is composed of the court system 2. the supreme court is the highest court in the land 3. the judiciary is responsible for interpreting and determining the constitutionality of laws -Supreme Court: highest court in the land -Judiciary Act of 1789: created the Federal District Court -Marbury v. Madison: set precedent for judicial review -Judiciary Act of 1891: created circuit courts (appeals) -Common Law-made by judges, Code or Statue Law-made by legislature KEY TERMS: 1. Litigation: the process by which cases are brought and decided in the American legal system 2. plaintiff: person bringing the case 3. defendant: person defending themselves 4. civil law: suit between private persons and/or businesses 5. criminal law: case brought by government due to injury to another person and/or society 6. tort: a wrongful act involving personal injury or harm to one's property 7. petitioner: also called appellant, party seeking to have lower court decision reversed 8. respondent: also called appellee, party seeking to oppose the rehearing of the case 9. common law: law made by judges, based on British system 10. stare decisis: let the decision stand, meaning that judges should be bound by precedent (legal authority established by earlier cases) 11.code law: laws created by legislatures to regulate behavior or people and businesses Sources of Power 1. constitution 2. federal law 3. common law 4. executive orders 5. administrative law Cycle: collegial court: group of judges who must evaluate a case together and decide the outcome pool memo: prepared by law clerks and contains the relevant information on a case so judges may decide whether to take it discuss list: prepared by chief justice and contains cases that he/she thinks is appropriate to hear write of certiorari: order to lower court to send case up for review rule of four: 4 justices must agree before a case will be heard briefs: written arguments submitted by parties oral arguments: process by which judges pose questions to parties amicus curiae briefs: submitted by third parties who may have interest in outcome Federal Court System: 1. U.S. Court System is made up of state and federal courts (dual court system) Trial Court: court in which a case is first heard (mostly in District Courts) Jurisdiction: the authority of a court to hear a case Federal question: an issue based on U.S. Constitution, federal statute, and or treaty 2. Original Jurisdiction: court that has authority to hear case first -Appellate Jurisdiction: court that has authority to review lower court decision 3. Federal District Courts (94): lowest of totem pope, trial courts Circuit Courts (12+ Federal branch): appellate courts, reviews decisions Special Courts: handles specific issues such as tax, military appeals, and international trade Supreme Court: 9 justices (1 chief justice), highest in the land, mostly appellate, however original over some issues such as ambassadors and public ministers 4. President appoints justices, Senate confirms Senatorial courtesy: applies in selection of district court judges, senators from the state and from the president's party may veto choice Judicial Competence, Ideology, and Demographics play a key role in selection of judges People: power of public opinion Interest Groups: gather information Bureaucracy: choose what level to enforce laws (discretion) Checks and Balances: Congress: Senate may confirm appointment. Congress may also pass laws that diminish or expand a court decision President: has power of appointment Judicial Restraint: approach where judges try to refrain from driving social policy. Belief that this should be left to legislature Judicial activism: an approach to decision making whereby judges try to affect social policy Concurring Opinions: agree with majority decision Dissenting Opinions: disagree with majority decision