Chapter 15 Vocabulary

market revolution social impulses middle-class values, institutions, & ideas communication improves scholars & writers have creative themes to write about in 1850; during decade: Thoreau (Walden), Hawthorne (The Scarlett Letter, 1850) & (The House of the Seven Gables, 1851), Whitman (Leaves of Grass), Melville (Moby Dick), Dickinson, Douglass: slave: (Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, 1845), Harriet Beecher Stowe (Uncle Tom’s Cabin, seen as a call to action to end slavery); & more: fiction & nonfiction (American classics); new literary forums; short stories, poems; most writers=social critics; explored moral choices; study of nature of good vs. evil; women’s domestic novels; details of slavery

(Anna)

(Anna)

(Anna)

(Anna)

(Audrey)

(Audrey)

(Audrey)

(Audrey)

Nullification Crisis (1828) - Calhoun: Wilmot Proviso Congress did not have a constitutional right to prohibit slavery in the territories

Group of aristocratic slave owners who not only dominated the political and social life in the South but conspired to control the federal governemnt as well

Leader of the Liberty Party; first to use the phrase "Slave power"; abolitionist

Evolved out of the Liberty Party; important in the election of 1848 (won 10%)

Compromise of 1850= final act in polit. career of Westerner Clay, Southerner Calhoun, & Northern spokesman Webster; claimed “never before risen to address any assembly so oppressed, so appalled, so anxious” & argued for COMP., but left Senate: ill health before plea answered; although assembled all necessary parts of bargain: not he but members of younger polit. generations (in particular rise of Stephen Douglas)

SC spokesman: believed slavery nationally present; 1828: Nullification Crisis (const. right to null. national laws harmful to interests; argued states rights doctrine protecting legit. rights of a minority in a dem. system; 1847: responded to 1846 Wilmot Proviso w/ elaboration of states’ rights argument—argued that Congress didn’t have const. right to prohibit slavery in territories (common prop. of all states); contrariwise: argued slave owners const. right to protect. of prop. wherever moved; regarded slaves as property: ENRAGED ABOLITIONISTS; but southerners felt right to own slave attacked; SOUTHERN DOGMA;

Compromise of 1850= final act in polit. career of Westerner Clay, Southerner Calhoun, & Northern spokesman Webster; claimed to speak not as a man from Mass. or a Northern, “but as an American” who wished to preserve the UNION; rejected southern claims that peaceable secession= possible or desirable; pleaded w/ abolitionists to comp. enough for South to stay in Union

Compromise of 1850= final act in polit. career of Westerner Clay, Southerner Calhoun, & Northern spokesman Webster; July 9, 1850: died of acute gastroenteritis; a bluff mil. man; prepared to follow Jackson’s precedent for Null. Crisis of 1832 & demand SOUTHERN COMP.; VP Millard Fillmore assumed presidency & adjusted Comp. to southern liking

(Anna)

(anna)

(anna)

(anna)

(Audrey)

(Audrey)

(Audrey)

(Audrey)

William Seward replaced Henry Clay as Whig leader in 1852 upsetting southerns -> angered and either abstained during the voting or voted for democrats

Lewis Cass, Steven Doughlas, James Buchanan all ran but party nominated Franklin Pierce (NH)

NH; thought to have southern sympathies; democrat

group within the Democratic party whose members used manifest destiny to justify their desire for conquest of Central America and Cuba; expansionists

(from Spanish filibuster meaning adventurer or pirate); during Pierce administration (elected 1853); those who invaded Caribbean & central Amer. countries, usually w. declared intention of extending SLAVERY

best known & most improbable filibuster; short, slight, soft-spoken; led THREE invasions of Nicaragua; 1855: after 1st invasion, he became ruler of the country & encouraged settlement by southern slave owners, but was unseated by the regional revolt in 1857; following efforts to regain control of country; captured & executed by firing squad in Honduras

the minister of Pierce; 1854: Pierce authorized him to try to force the unwilling Spanish to sell Cuba for $130 mill.; he met in Ostend, Belgium w/ Amer. ministers to France & England (John Mason & James Buchanan) to compose offer ( a mixture of cajolements & threats)

Pierre Soule, Mason, & James Buchanan in Ostend Belgium to try to force the unwilling Spanish to sell Cuba for $130 mill; a mixture of cajolements & threats; first: appeal to Spain: recognize deep affinities between Cubans & Amer. South.; then threaten to “wrest” Cuba from Spain if necessary; supposed to be secret but leaked out to press; Pierce admin. embarrassed & forced to repudiate it

(anna)

(anna)

(anna)

(anna)

(Audrey)

(Audrey)

(Audrey)

(Audrey)

anti-immigrant feelings; Irish v. Blacks (competed for same low paying positions); Whigs v. Catholics

popular name for American Party members; most were workers or small farmers whose jobs or ways of life were threateened by the cheap labor and unfamiliar cultures of the new immigrants; starting victories in 1854 Northern state elections

Founded in 1854; expansionist; westward-looking; free-soil policy; based on Whig concepts

linked nativism with sectional politics; supposed to describe the national Democratic Party

2 separate contents: north/south; 1854: freedom, temp. & prot.= Repub. party; slavery, rum & Romanism= Democratic Party (southerners: for slavery); Rep. followers: former northern Whigs (vs. slavery); Free-Soil Party members (vs. expansion of slavery; tolerated in South); & northern reformers; concerned about temp. & Catholicism; merchant & industrialists (for UNION); Democrats: Pierce & Douglas; Buchanan VS. Frémont (Repub. + Know-Nothing Party); southern race: Buchanan VS. Fillmore (south; strong-support from former south. Whigs; winner = BUCHANAN; 79% voted

President; top southern leader; feared that two great national parties (Whigs & Democrats) wouldn’t find solution to sectional division North vs. South over slavery; ran in 1856 election’ won election w/ only 40% of pop. vote (only national candidate);

what republicans claimed after the election; because they realized that in 1860, the addition of just two more northern states to their total would mean victory; also Repub. Party defeated the American Party in the battle to win designation as major party; concern: Repub. party sectionalist over nationalist: almost all support from North

Senator of Mass.; insulting antislavery speech “The Crime Against Kansas”; he used accusatory & abusive style like abolitionists; singled out ridicule for SC Senator Andrew Butler, charging him w/ choosing slavery as his mistress; Butler was Brooks’s uncle; in Brooks’s mind, he was avenging an intolerable affront to his uncles’ honor; 3 days later: Sumner suffered perm. injury in a vicious attack by SC Congressman Preston Brooks; he escaped just barely w/ life

(anna)

(anna)

(anna)

(Anna)

(Audrey)

(Audrey)

(Audrey)

(Audrey)

Democratic pary nominates Stephen Douglas; southern Whigs joined with border state nativists to form Constiutional Union Party - nominated John Bell of TN; Repulblicans elect Lincoln

Split into Northern and Southern Whigs during the Buchanan presidency; convened in Charleston, SC to nominate candidate; nominated Stephen Douglas after ten days and two southern walkouts

excluded slavery in the territories; support for transcontinental railroad, internal improvements, higher tariff;

Dominated races for legislature in SC; southerners humiliated and frightened by the prospect of becoming a permanent minority in a poltical system dominated by a party pledged to elimate slavery; SC seceedes on December 20, 1860

a president completing a term of office that chooses not to run or is ineligible to run for reelection; “lame duck” was initially used to describe investors who couldn’t pay their debt; 1860–1861: transition from administration of James Buchanan (pres. from 1867-‘51 [one term]) to Abraham Lincoln; Buchanan opinion: states did not have the right to secede, but also illegal for Federal government to go to war to stop them; between November 6, 1860-March 4, 1861, seven states seceded & conflict between secessionist and federal forces began, leading to the American Civil War between the Northern and Southern states (Sources: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan; http://history.howstuffworks.com/american- history/lame-duck-president.htm; http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/lame+duck)

(Anna)

(Audrey)

Chosen as VP of the Confederacy; GA; former leader of Whig party; cooperationist delegate to GA convention where he urged that secession not be undertaken hastely