Chapter 16
Physiology 232 with Abedon at Ohio State University - All Campuses
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By: Delilah Rietow
Created: 2012-03-05
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Created: 2012-03-05
Size: 35 flashcards
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Absorptive State
Period during which nutrients enter blood stream from gastrointestinal tract
Post Absorptive State
Period during which nutrients are not being absorbed by gastrointestinal tract and energy must be supplied by body's endogenous stores
Very-Low-Density Lipoproteins (VLDLs)
Lipid-protein aggregate having high proportion of fat
Lipoprotein Lipase
Capillary endothelial enzyme that hydrolyzes triglyceride in lipoprotein to monoglyceride and fatty acids
Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDLs)
Protein-lipid aggregate that is major carrier of plasma cholesterol to cells
High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL)
Lipid protein aggregate having low proportion of lipid; promotes removal of cholesterol from cells
α-keto acids
Molecule formed from amino acid metabolism and containing carbonyl (-CO-) and carboxyl (-COOH) groups
Glycogenolysis
Glycogen breakdown to glucose
Lipolysis
Triglyceride breakdown
Gluconeogenesis
Formation of glucose by the liver or kidneys from pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, or amino acids
Glucose Sparing
Switch from glucose to fat utilization by most cells during post absorptive state
Ketones/Ketone bodies
Product of fatty acid metabolism that accumulates in blood during starvation and in severe untreated diabetes mellitus
Insulin
Peptide hormone secreted by beta cells of pancreatic islets of Langerhans; has metabolic and growth-promoting effects; stimulates glucose and amino acid uptake by most cells and stimulates protein, fat, and glycogen synthesis
Glucagon
Peptide hormone secreted by alpha cells of pancreatic islets of Langerhans; leads to rise in plasma glucose
Islets of Langerhans
Cluster of pancreatic endocrine cells; distinct islet cells secrete insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide
Glycogen Synthase
Intracellular enzyme required to synthesize glycogen; stimulated by insulin
Glycogen Phosphorylase
Intracellular enzyme required to begin the process of breaking down glycogen into glucose; inhibited by insulin
Incretins
Gut hormones such as GLP-I and GIP that amplify the insulin response to glucose
Glucose-counterregulatory Controls
Neural or hormonal factors that oppose insulin's actions; includes glucagon, epinepherine, sympathetic nerves to liver and adipose tissue, cortisol and growth hormone
Hormone-sensitive Lipase (HSL)
An enzyme present in adipose tissue that acts to break down triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids which then enter the circulation; it is inhibited by insulin and stimulated by catecholamines
Hypoglycemia
Low blood glucose (sugar) concentration
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
Metabolic rate when a person is at mental and physical rest but not sleeping, at comfortable temperature, and has fasted at least 12 hours
Metabolic Rate
Total-body energy expenditure per unit time
Calorigenic Effect
Increase in Metabolic Rate caused by epinephrine or thyroid hormones
Food-induced Thermogenesis
The creation of heat within the body following a meal, particularly one rich in protein; at least part of the heat is generated secondarily to the increased activity of the gastrointestinal tract
Leptin
Adipose-derived hormone that acts within the brain to decrease and increase metabolism
Satiety signals
Input to food control centers that causes hunger to cease and sets time period before hunger returns
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Method for assessing degree of obesity; calculated as weight in kilograms divided by square of height in meters
Peripheral Thermoreceptors
Cold or warm receptor in skin or certain mucous membrane
Central Thermoreceptors
Temperature receptor in hypothalamus, spinal chord, abdominal organ, or other internal organ
Shivering Thermogenesis
Neurally induced cycles of contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscle in response to decreased body temperature; little or no external work is performed, and thus the increased metabolism of muscle leads primarily to heat production
Nonshivering Thermogenesis
The creation of bodily heat by process other than shivering
Brown Adipose Tissue
Type of adipose tissue found in new-born and many mammals, with a high heat-producing capacity than ordinary white fat; maybe important in regulating body temperature in extreme conditions
Endogenous Pyogens
Any of the cytokines that act physiologically in the brain to cause fever
Endogenous Cryogens
Chemical Messenger released by the hypothalamus and other tissues, which act to reset the body's thermostat and reduce fever
About this deck
By: Delilah Rietow
Created: 2012-03-05
Size: 35 flashcards
Views: 11
Created: 2012-03-05
Size: 35 flashcards
Views: 11
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
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