Chapter 16
Psychology 100h with Kim at Ohio State University - All Campuses
About this deck
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy
Kathy
Sign up (free) to study this.
Anxiety Disorders
The most prevalent of all psychiatric disorders
Generalized anxiety disorder:
Continual feelings of worry, anxiety, physical tension, and irritability
Phobias
intense fear of an object or situation that’s greatly out of proportion to its actual threat
Agoraphobia
fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or embarrassing
Specific phobia
intense fear of objects, places, or situations
Social phobia
marked fear of public appearances in which embarrassment or humiliation is possible, such as public speaking, eating, or performing
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
marked by repeated and lengthy (>1 hour/day) immersion in obsessions, compulsions, or both
Obsessions
persistent ideas, thoughts, or impulses that are unwanted, inappropriate, cause distress (e.g. contamination, aggression)
Compulsions
repetitive behaviors or mental acts performed to reduce or prevent stress
Compulsions Examples
Examples: checking, counting, arranging things, washing/ cleaning, etc
Panic disorder
repeated and unexpected panic attacks, along with a change in behavior to avoid panic attacks
Panic disorder
Symptoms: sweating, pounding hears, shortness of breath, dizziness, fears of dying
Posttraumatic stress disorder
marked emotional disturbance after experiencing or witnessing a severely stressful event
Catastrophizing & anxiety sensitivity
the negative misinterpretation of minor physical symptoms
Genetic influences
twin studies show that many anxiety disorders are genetically influenced
Major depressive episode
state in which a person experiences a lingering depressed mood or diminished interest in pleasurable activities
Major depressive episode
Symptoms include weight loss, sleep difficulties, fatigue, lack of concentration, and feelings of worthlessness
Manic episodes
a. Dramatically elevated mood, energy, talkativeness, self-esteem, irresponsible behavior
i. Spending sprees, sexual behavior, substance abuse b. Decrease need for sleep
Bipolar disorder
1. condition marked by a history of at least one manic episode a. 50% of time a depressive precedes or follows a manic episode
Schizophrenia
disturbances in thinking, language, emotion, and relationships
Delusions
strongly held, fixed beliefs that no basis in reality
Hallucinations
sensory perceptions that occur in the absence of an external stimulus
Personality
unique pattern of psychological & behavioral characteristics
Traits
relatively enduring predispositions that influence our behavior across many situations (Come together to create personality)
Factor analysis
statistical technique that analyzes the correlations among responses on personality inventories
Early Trait Theory
i. Raymond Cattell condensed 17000+ adjectives with factor analysis ii. Eventually identified 16 source traits iii. Created questionnaire called 16 PF iv. Many traits were redundant
Big Five personality traits (OCEAN)
traits that have surfaced repeatedly in factor analysis of personality measures
lexical approach
most crucial features of personality are embedded in language
Openness (to new experiences)
distinguishes intellectually curious, imaginative people from down-to-earth, conventional people
Conscientiousness
distinguishes those who are disciplined from those who are spontaneous
Extraversion
distinguishes between those who have high engagement with the external world and those who are not engaged
Agreeableness
distinguishes between people who place emphasis on social harmony and those who emphasize self-interest
Neuroticism
distinguishes between those likely to experience negative emotions from those who are emotionally stable
Neuroticism
a. Pay attention to unpleasant information b. Experience less martial satisfaction and more divorce c. More susceptible to mental disorders
Extraversion
a. Attend more parties, more popular b. Seen as leaders
Openness
a. Likely to enroll in liberal arts programs b. Change careers c. Less prejudice
Agreeableness
a. Lend money, less alcoholism and arrests b. Higher marital satisfaction
Conscientious
a. High job and school performance b. Smoke and drink less
Personality trait change- Younger adult
a. Higher openness b. Lower Conscientiousness c. Higher Extraversion d. Lower Agreeableness e. Higher Neuroticism
Personality trait change- Older adult
a. Lower openness b. Higher Conscientiousness c. Lower Extraversion d. Higher Agreeableness e. Lower Neuroticism
Psychic determinism
all psychological events have a cause
Examples: dreams, Freudian slips of tongue
Symbolic meaning
All actions meaningful
Unconscious motivation
we understand why we do things
Id (‘id is a kid’)
basic instincts; primitive impulses, including sex and aggression
Pleasure principle
the tendency of the id to strive for immediate gratification
Ego
the boss; the psyche’s executive and principal decision maker
Superego
(‘above ego’) our sense of morality
Reality principle
the tendency of the ego to postpone gratification until it can find an appropriate outlet
Freudian’s wish fulfillment and dream protection theory
dreams transform our sexual and aggressive instincts into symbols that represent wish fulfillment and require interpretation
Manifest content
actual details of dream
Latent content
true hidden meaning
Activation-synthesis theory
a. REM sleep turned on by acetylcholine
a. Acetylcholine activates the Pons b. Pons sends out random and incomplete neural signals c. Forebrain tries to piece these together into meaningful story
Function of dreams
a. Process emotional memoriesb. Integrate new experiences with oldc. Learn new strategies for doing thingsd. Simulate threatening experiences so we can cope better in lifee. Reorganize and consolidate memories
Defense Mechanisms
unconscious maneuvers intended to minimize anxiety
-Ego deals with threats from outside world. When anxious, ego uses defense mechanisms
Repression
motivated forgetting of emotionally threatening memories or impulses
Denial
motivated forgetting of distressing external experiences
Regression
returning psychologically to a younger, and typically safer, age
Reaction-formation
transformation of an anxiety-provoking emotion into its opposite
Projection
unconscious attribution of our negative characteristics to others
Displacement
directing an impulse from a socially unacceptable target onto a safer and more socially acceptable one
Rationalization
providing a reasonable-sounding explanation for unreasonable behaviors or failures
Intellectualization
avoiding emotions associated with anxiety-provoking experiences by focusing on abstract and impersonal thoughts
Oral stage (12-18mo)
i. Infants obtain sexual gratification by sucking and drinking ii. Mouth is center of pleasure and conflict
iii. Fixation
1. Weaning too early: “biting” sarcasm
2. Weaning too late: over eating/ dependence
Anal stage (18mo – 3 years)
i. Anus the focus of pleasure/conflict ii. Focuses on toilet training iii. Fixation 1. Too harsh: ‘anal’ personality types-extra neat 2. Too lax: disorganized/ impulsive
Phallic stage (3 – 6 years)
Genitals source of pleasure & conflict
Oedipus Complex
1. Son has sexual desire for mother 2. Eliminate father
Electra Complex
1. Daughter has sexual desire for father 2. Eliminate mother 3. Girls develop ‘penis envy’ (believe they are inferior because they are missing this organ
Latency stage (6 -12 years)
i. Sexual impulses are submerged into the unconscious 1. Example: boys have ‘cooties’ 2. Peaceful interval—lasts for the rest of childhood 3. Focus on education, same-sex peer play, social skill
Genital stage (12 years – adulthood)
i. Sexual impulses awaken and begin to mature into romantic attraction toward others ii. Genitals again focus of pleasure/ conflict
iii. Rest of life
Self-actualization
the drive to develop our innate potential to the fullest possible extent
Maslow
1. studied the characteristics of self-actualized people
2. Hierarchy of needs
Peak Experiences
transcendent moments of excitement and tranquility marked by a profound sense of connection to the world
Carl Rogers
a. Organism (genes)
b. Self (beliefs about ourselves)
c. Conditions of worth (expectations we place on ourselves) –bad
Incongruence
inconsistency between our personalities and innate dispositions
1. We are not our true selves 2. Learn from parents and society
Social Learning Theory
Emphasize thinking as a cause of personality a. How we interpret environment is how we react to the environment
Locus of control
extent to which people believe that tasks lie inside or outside of our control
External (Locus of control)
believe we cannot control our lives—leads to depression and anxiety
About this deck
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy
Kathy