Chapter 16

StudyBlue printing of Chapter 16 html, body, div, span, applet, object, iframe, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p, blockquote, pre, a, abbr, acronym, address, big, cite, code, del, dfn, em, font, img, ins, kbd, q, s, samp, small, strike, strong, sub, sup, tt, var, b, u, i, center, fieldset, form, label, legend, table, caption, tbody, tfoot, thead, tr, th, td { margin: 0; padding: 0; border: 0; outline: 0; font-size: 100%; background: transparent; } body { line-height: 1; } blockquote, q { quotes: none; } blockquote:before, blockquote:after, q:before, q:after { content: ''; content: none; } /* remember to define focus styles! */ :focus { outline: 0; } /* remember to highlight inserts somehow! */ ins { text-decoration: none; } del { text-decoration: line-through; } /* tables still need 'cellspacing="0"' in the markup */ table { border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0; } /* end RESET */ .header { min-width:800px; } .logo { padding:6px 20px 2px 20px; margin:0; font-size:25px; font-weight:bold; 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-moz-border-radius: 5px; -webkit-border-radius: 5px; } .print-button a:hover { background-color:black; } .theNote .content { width: 8.0in !important; margin: 5px auto; padding:20px; background-color:white; } .theNote .header { border-bottom: 1px dashed #C8C8C8; font-size: 17px; padding: 0 0 10px; line-height: 19px; color: #00ADE1; min-width:500px; } .theNote .body { font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; padding: 10px 0; } .theNote{ padding:6px 0; clear:both; background-color: rgb(200,200,200); } .theNote h3{ color: rgb(100,100,100); } .theNote h1, .theNote h3{ background-color:white; padding:2px 20px; width:8.0in !important; margin: 0 auto; font-size: 15px; } .theNote h1{ padding-top: 10px; font-size: 15px; } .theNote h1:first-child{ font-size: 20px; } .theNote h3 { font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; } #options { border: 3px double #ccc; padding: 5px 12px; margin: 10px 50px 10px 20px; float: left; } #info { border-top: 1px solid #ccc; padding-top: 5px; font-style: italic; } li { margin: 5px 10px 5px 25px; } ul li { list-style: disc; } ol li { list-style: decimal; } img { border: 0; } table { clear: both; width: 100%; border: 1px solid #c5c5c5; border-width: 1px 0; margin: 0; page-break-after: always; } table#page { page-break-after: auto; } td { text-align: center; font-size: 12px; border-bottom: 1px dashed #c5c5c5; height: 1.75in; width: 50%; padding-left: 15px; } .leftside { border-right: 1px solid #cccccc; padding: 0 15px 0 0; } .bottom td { border-bottom: none; } .clearfix { clear:both; line-height:1px; height:1px; } img { max-width:80%; max-height:150px; margin:20px; } @media print {.header { display: none; } .content .header{ display:inherit; } table { border: 1px dashed #bbb; border-width: 1px 0; } .theNote{ background-color:white; } } Sex, Gender & Personality Chapter16 – Sex, Gender & Personality Sex difference: average differences between men & women in personality or behavior Study of Sex differences - use meta-analysis (statistical method for summarizing findings of large numbers of individual studies) o allows researchers to estimate how large a difference actually is ( effect size) - Effect Size (d-statistic) - Difference in SD units + d scores = men score higher than women - d scores = women score higher than men - There’s always an overlap in the distributions where individuals are not described by the d statistic Grade point average = pretty equal Verbal ability = women slightly higher Spatial ability = men high (significantly) Minimalist: position in topic of sex differences that differences are small & inconsequential - empirically, findings show small magnitudes - differences don’t have practical importance/consequences Maximalist: magnitude of sex differences is comparable to magnitude of many other effects in psychology & shouldn’t be ignored SEX DIFFERENCES IN PERSONALITY Temperament in Children - Inhibitory control: showed largest sex difference, -0.41 girls may be better at regulating or allocating attention - Perceptual sensitivity : d = -0.38 - girls may be more sensitive to subtle, low-intensity signals from external world (difference seems to fade by adulthood) - Surgency: d = 0.38 - boys are higher in activity level (0.33) & high intensity pleasure (0.30) & therefore higher overall in impulsivity - might account for difference in physical aggression - negative affectivity : virtually no difference in anger, difficulty, amount of distress and sadness à minor exception; girls are slightly more fearful than boys (-0.12) - emotional instability shows moderate sex difference in adulthood; maybe due to gender stereotypes that girls are more emotional FIVE-FACTOR MODEL - Extraversion (d= 0.15) o Gregariousness: slightly higher for women (-0.15) o Assertiveness & activity level: men moderately higher (0.50) & slightly higher (0.09) respectively. § Men interrupt conversations more - Agreeableness (d= -0.32) o Trust (benefit of doubt) (d=-0.25) o Tender-mindedness (empathy) (= -0.90) ** VERY LARGE § Women smile more (-0.60) but it’s uncertain if this is agreeable or submissive behavior - Conscientiousness (-0.14) o Order is slightly higher for women (-0.13) - Emotional Stability (-0.49) **LARGEST SEX DIFFERENCE o Women moderately lower than men in this dimension - Intellect- openness to experience (d= -0.07) o Range of thoughts (ideas) (0.03) virtually no differences à Aggressiveness ( not 5 factor ) - Projective tests (0.86), peer report (0.63), self-report (.40) - fantasy (0.84) à Men commit more violent crimes EMOTIONS: FREQUENCY & INTENSITY - women experience positive & negative emotions more frequently & intensely - no difference in guilt o affection & joy highest for women o fear & sadness highest for men (may just be a difference in expression) OTHER PERSONALITY DIMENSIONS Self-esteem (0.21) à Global self-esteem à level of global regard that one has for self as a person Sexuality & mating - casual sex (0.87) o Sexual aggression seems to be limited to men that are narcissistic, lack empathy & show hostile masculinity People-things dimension - social vs. trades (d = 1.35) o men are more object-oriented STEREOTYPES & SHIT - originally it was thought that there was a single scale with masculinity at one end & femininity at the other - 70s – masculinity & femininity were two different dimensions o masculinity – assertiveness, boldness, dominance, self-suffiency, instrumentality o femininity - nuturance, expression of emotions, empathy o androgynous – people who scored high on both CRITICISMS – both constructs are multidimensional - masculinity & femininity are bipolar traits so androgyny shouldn’t be possible Response to CRITICISMS – measuring instrumentality (objects, direct, independence & self-sufficiency) & expressiveness (express emotions & empathy) instead of sex roles – measuring gender schema (cognitive orientations that lead individuals to process social info on basis of sex-linked associations) o instead of androgyny - roughly 50% of gender atypically is heritable Gender Stereotypes Beliefs - cognitive à ways that we form social categories - affective à social category has an effect on way you feel about someone - behavioural Content - attributes highly similar beliefs of gender-based attributes across countries Subtypes - examples: playboy vs. career man - housewife vs. career woman THEORIES Socialization Theory boys & girls become different because of reinforcement by social cues - social learning theory (Bandura) à learn by observation CRITICS – perhaps interests of children drive parent’s behaviour - no origin known Social Role Theory Sex differences originate because men & women are distributed into different occupational and family roles CRITICS – no origins - most sexually egalitarian countries show largest sex differences Hormonal Theories Differences occur because of different underlying hormones - testosterone à CAH in fetus girls results in higher testosterone & higher masculinity à men have more than 10x the level of testosterone circulating CRITICS – link between hormones & behavior is bidirectional - no origins Evolutionary Psychology Theory - sexes predicted to differ in domains that men & women have confronted different adaptive challenges o adaptive problems; need to be solved in order to survive/reproduce. - Women base mating on need for ability & willingness to help with 9 months of pregnancy (makes women very valuable) o Casual sex = more likely for men Critics --- no “HOW”