Chapter 2    

StudyBlue printing of Chapter 2     html, body, div, span, applet, object, iframe, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p, blockquote, pre, a, abbr, acronym, address, big, cite, code, del, dfn, em, font, img, ins, kbd, q, s, samp, small, strike, strong, sub, sup, tt, var, b, u, i, center, fieldset, form, label, legend, table, caption, tbody, tfoot, thead, tr, th, td { margin: 0; padding: 0; border: 0; outline: 0; font-size: 100%; background: transparent; } body { line-height: 1; } blockquote, q { quotes: none; } blockquote:before, blockquote:after, q:before, q:after { content: ''; content: none; } /* remember to define focus styles! */ :focus { outline: 0; } /* remember to highlight inserts somehow! */ ins { text-decoration: none; } del { text-decoration: line-through; } /* tables still need 'cellspacing="0"' in the markup */ table { border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0; } /* end RESET */ .header { min-width:800px; } .logo { padding:6px 20px 2px 20px; margin:0; font-size:25px; font-weight:bold; 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-moz-border-radius: 5px; -webkit-border-radius: 5px; } .print-button a:hover { background-color:black; } .theNote .content { width: 8.0in !important; margin: 5px auto; padding:20px; background-color:white; } .theNote .header { border-bottom: 1px dashed #C8C8C8; font-size: 17px; padding: 0 0 10px; line-height: 19px; color: #00ADE1; min-width:500px; } .theNote .body { font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; padding: 10px 0; } .theNote{ padding:6px 0; clear:both; background-color: rgb(200,200,200); } .theNote h3{ color: rgb(100,100,100); } .theNote h1, .theNote h3{ background-color:white; padding:2px 20px; width:8.0in !important; margin: 0 auto; font-size: 15px; } .theNote h1{ padding-top: 10px; font-size: 15px; } .theNote h1:first-child{ font-size: 20px; } .theNote h3 { font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; } #options { border: 3px double #ccc; padding: 5px 12px; margin: 10px 50px 10px 20px; float: left; } #info { border-top: 1px solid #ccc; padding-top: 5px; font-style: italic; } li { margin: 5px 10px 5px 25px; } ul li { list-style: disc; } ol li { list-style: decimal; } img { border: 0; } table { clear: both; width: 100%; border: 1px solid #c5c5c5; border-width: 1px 0; margin: 0; page-break-after: always; } table#page { page-break-after: auto; } td { text-align: center; font-size: 12px; border-bottom: 1px dashed #c5c5c5; height: 1.75in; width: 50%; padding-left: 15px; } .leftside { border-right: 1px solid #cccccc; padding: 0 15px 0 0; } .bottom td { border-bottom: none; } .clearfix { clear:both; line-height:1px; height:1px; } img { max-width:80%; max-height:150px; margin:20px; } @media print {.header { display: none; } .content .header{ display:inherit; } table { border: 1px dashed #bbb; border-width: 1px 0; } .theNote{ background-color:white; } } Origins Of American Government Colonial Period English Political Heritage French, Dutch, Spanish, German, Swedish settlers English governed original 13 colonies using English systems; limited and representative governments Limited Government Magna Carta 1215 King John Monarch could not take life, liberty or property except according to law Also limited monarch's right to tax Petition of Rights Charles I 1628 Parliament must approve taxes No prison without cause No troops in private homes No martial law unless war English Bill of Rights James II 1688 Monarchs do not rule by divine right Parliament must approve taxed, army No meddling in elections/Parliament Petition/Fair and speedy trial No cruel or unusual punishment or excessive fines and bail Representative Government Elected representatives Most colonists copied parliament IDEAS OF JOHN LOCKE natural rights-life, liberty, property social contract theory-people surrender rights only if government protects their natural rights Colonial Governments Each colony had: Governor Legislature Court System Still swore allegiance to king Democratic but property qualifications to vote established churches in 9 Agreed in 3 Major Areas Written Constitution Mayflower Compact Swore allegiance to each other and the colony NOT the king or God Fundamental Orders of Connecticut People elected governor, representatives and judges voting not restricted to church members Great Fundamentals More comprehensive laws for the Massachusetts Bay Colony First basic system of laws-"C" 2. Colonial Legilature VA-House of Burgesses the first As colonies grew they needed more organization property requirements for voting- lots of land=lots of voters 3. Separation of Powers Governor-sometimes appointed by the king Legislature-always elected Courts-elected judges SECTION 2~the colonies on their own Mercantilism Colonies exist to: (wealth) Supply the mother country with raw materials (tobacco, wood) Serve as a captive market- couldn't build ships, shovels ect.. The first 150 Years Britain allowed the colonies free reign Counter to the french power in Canada and in the west British order took 2 months to cross the ocean English men retain their rights from England Britain tightens control French&Indian war ends (7 year war) 1763 French no longer a threat, huge debt $$44 George III ascends the throne-new ideas Taxing the Colonies George III needs revenue New taxes-sugar,tea,glass, paper, ect Stamp Act- tax on documents, cards, newspaper, playing cards Colonists boycott goods Stamp Act repealed New taxes replace old- revenue Boston Tea Party 1773 Intolerable Acts- Boston Harbor closed Colonial Unity Most colonists saw themselves as loyal British subjects and colonists (Virginians) 1754 Ben Franklin proposes Albany Plan of Union to oppose French frontier attacks, rejected 1760's colonists begin to see themselves as Americans opposed to British policies Taking Action 1765 Stamp Act Congress 1.Petition the King 2.Form Committees of Correspondence The First Continental Congress 1774 Philadelphia-12 Colonies Delegates decide to: 1. embargo British goods, 2. Meet again in one year Fighting breaks out in Lexington and Concord The Second Continental Congress 3 weeks after L&C, 13 colonies John Hancock chosen president(of the meeting) created army and navy Named George Washington as commander Started purchasing supplies INDEPENDENCE!!!! rapid growth in movement Common Sense by Thomas Paine Argued that monarchs were corrupt and n enemy to liberty-idea spread June 1776 Richard Hanry Lee introduces a resolution to prepare a declaration of independence July 4, 1776 56 delegates all signed Declaration of Independence SCC appoints committee to prepare a declaration of independence John Hancock, Ben Franklin, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson- took ideas and blended them together KEY PARTS the preamble-need to separate, certain political rights the middle part-listed political, economic and civil liberties the conclusion-left no choice but to declare freedom First State Constitutions 2ndCC orders states to write new constitutions most contained a bill of rights all states were "states" People were the source of power Government was limited SECTION 3- the articles of confederation The colonies wanted a "league of friendship" Government under the articles unicameral legislature no chief executive (president) no federal courts (supreme court) one vote per state no difference for population Congressional Power declare war, raise army and navy make treaties, send embassadors overseas fix weights and measures regulate indian affairs establish post offices settle disputes between states Weakness of the Articles legislature had no power to collect taxes could not regulate trade could not enforce the laws 9 of 13 states needed to pass laws, seldom more than 9 states present, each state had one vote, large vs. small amendments need 13 of 13 to agree no chief executive, no unity in policy since different committees had different ideas on topics no federal court system Achievement of the Articles Persuaded states to cede claims to western lands- land rich vs. land poor, future pop and wealth Northwest Ordinance-develop western land and allow to become states on an equal basis w/ the original 13 states Treaty of Paris- established boundaries Creates future cabinet- Dept. of War, foreign affairs, treasury Need for a stronger Government Problem: argument about boundaries and tariffs (the federal courts) federal debts from revolutionary war (couldn't force taxes) shay's rebellion- Mass. farmers angry at foreclosures, 1200 man mob advances, dispersed by state malitia Annapolis Convention 1786 All states invited to discuss commerce, 5 send representatives, Hamilton and Madison convince people to meet next year in Philadelphia Constitutional Convention 1787 Philadelphia wanted to meed to discuss commerce and changes that would make the national government more effective agreement to meet "for the sole and express purpose of revising he Articles of Confederation" SECTION 4- the constitutional convention The Constitutional Convention May 25 1787 Philadelphia 12/13 states (rhode island not) 74 delegates, 55 attended, 39 actively participated 7 governors 8 signed Declaration of Independence 39 served in confederation congress George Washington (VA) Ben Franklin (PENN) Gouveneur Morris (PENN) James Wilson (PENN) James Madison (VA) "Father of the Constitution" organization: George Washington unanimously choses to preside each state allowed one vote simple majority rules 7/13 needed for a quorum no public or press allowed into meeting Bottom line... limited and representative government 3 branches- legislative, executive, judicial states can't coin money stronger national government- federal Round 1 Virginia Plan- James Madison A strong 2 house national legislature chosen by the people chosen by the lower house strong national executive chosen by the national legislature national judiciary appointed by the national legislature set the tone-became the basis of constitution, 2 week debate small states realized they would be dominated by larger states Round 2 New Jersey Plan- William Peterson Unicameral legislature with one vote per state, power to collect taxes, to regulate trade weak executive branch, more than one person, chosen by congress national judiciary, limited power, appointed by executives reworking of the articles, confederation to continue, rejected after some discussion but smaller states made their point debate continues Connecticut Compromise- Roger Sherman 2 House legislature House of representatives- reps. based on people, population, all revenue(tax) laws begin here senate- equal representation (2 each) chosen by state legislatures three/fifths compromise 1/3 of people in south were enslaved wanted to count them for representation didn't want them counted for levying taxes compromise 3/5 for both representation and taxes Compromise on Commerce and Slavery north wanted federal control of all states south worried about northern power Agreed that slave importation ends in 1808 congress controls inter state and foreign trade no taxes allowed on exports Slavery Question taxed out of existence in Penn. outlawed in some states total refusal to confront the issue Other Compromises electoral college compromise president's four year term Ratifying the Constituion 2 Sides Develop Federalists mostly merchants and city folk, founders strong government to prevent anarchy argued that states bill of rights protected people agreed that the 1st congress would add a bill of tights Washington and Madison pushed support in VA, Hamilton in NY Hamilton, Madison and John Jay print articles "the federalist" won over many opponents