Chapter 2
Psychology 2230 with Smith at Cornell University
About this deck
By: Jessica Mesick
Textbook:
Biological Psychology: An Introduction to Behavioral, Cognitive, and Clinical Neuroscience, Sixth Edition
Created: 2011-08-26
Size: 156 flashcards
Views: 17
Textbook:
Biological Psychology: An Introduction to Behavioral, Cognitive, and Clinical Neuroscience, Sixth EditionCreated: 2011-08-26
Size: 156 flashcards
Views: 17
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neuron/nerve cell
basic unit of the nervous system, each composed of a cell body, receptive extensions (dendrites) and a transmitting extension (axon)
neuron doctrine
the hypothesis that the brain is composed of separate cells that are distinct structurally, metabolically, and functionally.
synapse
the tiny gap between neurons where information is passed from one to the other
glial cells
nonneuronal brain cells that provide structural, nutritional, and other types of support to the brain
mitochondrion
cellular organelle that provides metabolic energy for the cell's processes
cell nucleus
spherical central structure of a cell that contains the chromosomes
ribosomes
structures in the cell body where genetic information is translated to produce proteins
dendrite
extensions of the cell body; input zone
cell body/soma
region of the nucleus that is defined by the presence of the cell nucleus
integration zone
part of the neuron that initiates nerve electrical activity; corresponds to axon hillock
axon
single extension from the nerve cell that carries nerve impulses from the cell body to other neurons; corresponds to conduction zone
axon terminal
also called synaptic bouton; end of axon which forms a synapse on a neuron or other target cell; corresponds to output zone
golgi stain
a histological stain that fills a small proportion of neurons with a dark, silver-based precipitate
Nissl stain
histological stain that outlines all cell bodies because the dyes are attracted to RNA, which encircles the nucleus
autoradiography
histological technique that shows the distribution of radioactive chemicals in tissues
immunocytochemistry (ICC)
a method for detecting a particular protein in tissues in which an antibody recognizes and binds to the protein and then chemical methods are used to leave a visible reaction product around each antibody
in situ hybridization
a methodfor detecting particular RNA transcripts in tissue sections by providing a nucleotide probe that is complementary to, and will therefore hybridize with, the transcript of interest
immediate early genes (IEGs)
a class of genes that show rapid but transient increases in expression in cells that have become activated
c-fos
an immediate early gene commonly used to identify active neurons
horseradish peroxidase (HRP)
an enzyme found in horseradish and other plants that is used to determine the cells of origin of a particular set of axons
multipolar neuron
a nerve cell that has many dendrites and a single axon
bipolar neuron
a nerve cell that has a single dendrite at one end and a single axon on the other
unipolar neuron/monopolar
nerve cell with single branch that leaves the cell body and then extends in two directions: receptive and output zones
motoneuron
nerve cell that transmits motor messages which stimulate a muscle or gland
sensory neuron
a neuron that is directly affected by changes in the environment such as light, odor, touch
interneuron
neither sensory nor motoneuron but receives and sends input to other neurons
astrocyte
star-shaped glial cell with numerous processes (extensions) that run in all directions
microglial cells
extremely small glial cells that remove cellular debris from injured or dead cells
myelin
fatty insulation around axon formed by glial cells; improves speed and conduction of nerve impulses
node of Ranvier
gap between successive segments of myelin sheath where the axon membrane is exposed
multiple sclerosis
disease characterized by widespread degeneration of myelin
oligodendrocyte
type of glial cell that forms myelin in CNS
Shwann cell
glial cell that forms myelin in the PNS
edema
swelling of tissue, especially in the brain, in response to injury
arborization
elaborate branching of the dendrites of some neurons
presynaptic
region of the synapse that releases the neurotransmitter
postsynaptic
region that receives and responds to the neurotransmitter
presynaptic membrane
specialized membrane of the axon terminal that transmits info by releasing neurotrasmitter
postsynaptic membrane
specialized membrane on the surface of the cell that receives info by responding to the neurotransmitter
synaptic cleft
space between pre and postsynaptic elements
synaptic vesicle
small, spherical structure that contains molecules of neurotransmitter
neurotransmitter
chemical released from the presynaptic axon terminal; serves as a basis of communication between neurons
receptor
a protein that captures and reacts to molecules of a neurotransmitter or hormone
neural plasticity
ability of the nervous system to change in response to experience or the environment
axon hillock
a cone-shaped area from which the axon originates out of the cell body; functionally the integration zone of the neuron
axon collateral
a branch of an axon from a single neuron
innervate
to provide neural input
axonal transport
transportationg of materials from the neuronal cell body to distant regions in the dendrites and axons and from the axon terminals back to the cell body
gross neuroanatomy
anatomical features of the nervous system that are apparent to the naked eye
cauda equina
the caudal-most spinal nerves, which extend beyond the spinal cord proper to exit the spinal column
peripheral nervous system
includes all the nerves and neurons outside the brain and spinal cord
central nervous system (CNS)
includes brain and spinal cord
nerve
collection of axons bundled together outside the CNS
cranial nerve
nerve that is connected directly to the brain
spinal nerve
nerve that emerges from the spinal cord
autonomic nervous system
part of the peripheral nervous system that supplies neural connections to glands and to smooth muscles of internal organs
dorsal root
branch of a spinal nerve, entering the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, that carries sensory information from the peripheral nervous system to the spinal cord
ventral root
branch of a spinal nerve, arising from the ventral horn of the spinal cord, that carries motor messages from the spinal cord to the PNS
cervical
topmost 8 segments of spinal cord; neck region
thoracic
12 spinal segments, below cervical, corresponding to chest
lumbar
5 spinal segments, upper lower back
sacral
5 spinal segments; lower lower back
coccygeal/tailbone
lowest spinal vertebra
autonomic ganglia
collection of nerve cell bodies, belonging to the autonomic division of the PNS that are found in various locations and innervate the major organs
preganglionic
neurons in the autonomic nervous system that run from the CNS to autonomic ganglia
postganglionic
neurons that run from autonomic ganglia to targets in the body
sympathetic nervous system
component of autonomic nervous system that arises from thoracic and lumbar spinal cord; fight or flight response
sympathetic chain
chain of ganglia that runs along each side of spinal column; part of sympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system
component of the autonomic nervous system, arises from cranial and sacral spinal cord; rest and digest response
norepinephrine
neurotransmitter produced and released by sympathetic postganglionic neurons to accelerate organ activity; also produced by brainstem
acetylcholine
neurotransmitter produced and released by parasympathetic postganglionic neurons, by motoneurons, and by neurons throughout the brain; slows down activity
enteric nervous system
extensive meshlike system of neurons that governs the functioning of the gut (under control of CNS)
cerebral hemispheres
right and left sides of brain
gyrus
ridged or raised portion of brain surface
sulcus
furrow or convoluted area of brain surface
frontal lobe
most anterior portion of cerebral cortex
parietal lobe
between frontal and occipital
temporal lobes
sides of brain
occipital lobes
posterior of brain
Sylvian fissure
lateral sulcus, deep fissure that marks temporal lobe
central sulcus
fissure that divides frontal from parietal
cerebral cortex
outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres, consists largely of nerve cell bodies and their branches
postcentral gyrus
just behind central sulcus, receives somatosensory information from entire body
precentral gyrus
strip of frontal cortex, just in front of the central sulcus, crucial for motor control
corpus callosum
main band of axons that connects the two cerebral hemispheres
white matter
shiny layer underneath the cortex that consists largely of axons with white myelin sheaths
gray matter
areas of the brain that are dominated by cell bodies and are devoid of myelin
neural tube
embryonic structure with subdivisions that correspond to the future forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrainf
orebrrain
called prosencephalon; frontal division of the neural tube, containing the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus and the hypothalamus
midbrain
also called mesencephalon; middle division of the brain
hindbrain
rhombencephalon; rear division of the brain; contains cerebellum, pons, and medulla
telencephalon
frontal subdivision of the forebrain that includes the cerebral hemispheres when fully developed
diencephalon
posterior part of forebrain, including thalamus and hypothalamus
metencephalon
subdivision of hindbrain, cerebellum and pons
cerebellum
located at the back of the brain, dorsal to the pons; involved in central regulation of movement
pons
part of brainstem connecting midbrain to medulla
medulla
posterior part of hindbrain, continuous with spinal cord
brainstem
region of the brain that consists of midbrain, pons, and medulla
nucleus
collection of neuronal cell bodies within the CNS (e.g. caudate nucleus)
tract
bundle of axons found within the CNS
basal ganglia
group of forebrain nuclei, including caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, and putamen, found deep within the cerebral hemispheres
caudate nucleus
one of the basal ganglia has a long extension or tail
putamen
one of the basal ganglia
globus pallidus
one of the basal ganglia
substantia nigra
brainstem structure in humans that is related to the basal ganglia and is named for its dark pigmentation
limbic system
loosely defined, widespread group of brain nuclei innervate each other to form a network
amygdala
group of nuclei in the medial anterior part of the temporal lobe
hippocampus
medial temporal lobe structure important in learning and memory
fonix
fiber tract that extends from the hippocampus to mammillary body
cingulate gyrus
cortical portion of the limbic system, found in the frontal and parietal midline
olfactory bulb
an anterior projection of the brain that terminates in the upper nasal passages and, through small openings in the skull, provides receptors for smell
mammillary body
one of a pair of nuclei at the base of the brain
thalamus
the brain regions that surround the third ventricle
hypothalamus
part of the diencephalon, lying ventral to the thalamus
superior colliculi
paired gray matter structures of the dorsal midbrain that receive visual information and are involved in direction of visual gaze and visual attention to intended stimuli
inferior colliculi
paired gray matter structures of the dorsal midbrain that receive auditory information
tectum
the dorsal portion of the midbrain including the inferior and superior colliculi
red nucleus
a brainstem structure related to motor control
reticular formation
an extensive region of the brainstem (extending from the medulla through the thalamus) that is involved in arousal/awakening
Purkinje cell
a type of large nerve cell in the cerebellar cortex
granule cell
a type of small nerve cell
parallel fiber
one of the axons of the granule cells that form the outermost layer of the cerebellar cortex
neocortex/isocortex or cortex
cerebral cortex that is made up of six distinct layers
allocortex
brain tissue with three layers or unlayered organization
pyramidal cell
a type of large nerve cell that has a roughly pyramid-shaped body; found in the cerebral cortex
apical dendrite
the dendrite that extends from a pyramidal cell to the outermost surface of the cortex
basal dendrite
one of several dendrites on a pyramidal cell that extend horizontally from the cell body
cortical column
one of the vertical columns that constitute the basic organization of the neocortex
meninges
the three protective sheets of tissue-dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid-that surround the brain and spinal cord
dura mater
the outermost of the three meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord
pia mater
the innermost of the three meninges that surrounds the brain and spinal cord
arachnoid
the thin covering (one of three meninges) of the brain that lies between the pia and dura mater
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
the fluid that fills the cerebral ventricles
meningitis
an acute inflammation of the meninges, usually caused by a viral or bacterial infection
ventricular system
a system of fluid-filled cavities inside the brain
lateral ventricle
a complexly shaped lateral portion of the ventricular system within each hemisphere of the brain
choroid plexus
a highly vascular portion of the lining of the ventricles that secretes cerebrospinal fluid
third ventricle
the midline ventricle that conducts cerebrospinal fluid from the lateral ventricles to the fourth ventricle
fourth ventricle
the passageway within the pons hat receives cerebrospinal fluid from the third ventricle and releases it to surround the brain and spinal cord
carotid arteries
the major arteries that ascend the left and right sides of the neck to the brain, supplying blood to the anterior and middle cerebral arteries
anterior cerebral arteries
two large arteries, arising from the carotids, that provide blood to the anterior poles and medial surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres
middle cerebral arteries
two large arteries, arising from the carotids, that provide blood to most of lateral surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres
posterior cerebral arteries
two large arteries, arising from the basilar artery, that provide blood to posterior aspects of the cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum and brainstem
vertebral arteries
arteries that ascend the vertebrae, enter the base of the skull, and join together to form the basilar artery
basilar artery
an artery, formed by the fusion of the vertebral arteries, that supplies blood to the brainstem and to the posterior cerebral arteries
Circle of Willis
a structure at the base of the brain that is formed by the joining of the carotid and basilar arteries
stroke
damage to a region of brain tissue that results from blockage or rupture of vessels that supply blood to that region
blood-brain barrier
the mechanisms that make the movement of substances from blood vessels into brain cells more difficult than exchanges in other body organs; thus affording the brain greater protection from exposure to some substances found in blood
angiography
a brain-imaging technique in which a specialized X-ray image of the head is taken shortly after the cerebral blood vessels have been filled with a radiopaque dye by means of a catheter
computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT)
a noninvasive technique for examining brain structure in humans through computer analysis of X-ray absorption at several positions around the head
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
a noninvasive technique that uses magnetic energy to generate images that reveal some structural details in the living brain
positron emission tomography (PET)
a technique for examining brain function by combining tomography with injections of radioactive substances used by the brain
functional MRI (fMRI)
magnetic resonance imaging that detects changes in blood flow and therefore identifies regions of the brain that are particularly active during a given task
optical imaging
a method for visualizing brain activity in which near-infrared light is passed through the scalp and skull
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
localized noninvasive stimulation of cortical neurons through the application of strong magnetic fields
magnetoencephalography (MEG)
a passive and noninvasive functional brain-imaging technique that measures the tiny magnetic fields produced by active neurons in order to identify regions of the brain that are particularly active during a given task
About this deck
By: Jessica Mesick
Textbook: Biological Psychology: An Introduction to Behavioral, Cognitive, and Clinical Neuroscience, Sixth Edition
Created: 2011-08-26
Size: 156 flashcards
Views: 17
Textbook:
Biological Psychology: An Introduction to Behavioral, Cognitive, and Clinical Neuroscience, Sixth EditionCreated: 2011-08-26
Size: 156 flashcards
Views: 17
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
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“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
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