Chapter 2
Biology 160 with Kroening at University of Wisconsin - Madison
About this deck
By: Danaan Mirr
Textbook:
Human Genetics: Concepts and Applications
Created: 2010-07-02
Size: 48 flashcards
Views: 5
Textbook:
Human Genetics: Concepts and ApplicationsCreated: 2010-07-02
Size: 48 flashcards
Views: 5
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Stem Cells
gives rise to the other stem cells; and the cells that differentiate; replicate
$ categories/tissue types of cells
1. Epithelium (lining cells)
2. Muscle
3. Nerve
4. Connective Tissues (blood, cartilage, and adipose cells)
2. Muscle
3. Nerve
4. Connective Tissues (blood, cartilage, and adipose cells)
3 cell varieties
Prokaryotes
Archae
Bacteria
Eukaryotes
Eukarya
Archae
Bacteria
Eukaryotes
Eukarya
Porkaryote
lacks nucleus and organelles
Eukaryote
complex cell with organelles and a nucleus
Macromolecules
large molecules made of many similar units linked together
Macromolecules that make up cells
carbs (sugars and starches)
lipids (fats and oils)
proteins
nucleic acids
Carbohydrates
provide energy and contribute to cell structure
Lipids
form teh basis of several types of hormones, form membranes, provide isolation, and store energy
Proteins
participate in blood clotting, nerve transmission, muscle contraction, and forms the bulk of the body;s connective tissue
Nucleic Acid
DNA or RNA; translates info from past generations into specific collections of proteins that give a cells its individual characteristics
Enzymes
proteins that facilitate or catalyze biochemical reactions so they occur sqiftly enough to sustain life
-control a cell's production of all types of macromolecules
-control a cell's production of all types of macromolecules
Cytoplasm
cellular contents othat than organelles
Messenger RNA
a molecules of RNA complementary in sequence to the template strand of a gene that specifies a protein product
Transfer RNA
a type of RNA that connects mRNA to amino acids during protein synthesis
Phospholipids
biliayers of fat molecules with attached phosphate groups
-the end react oppositely to water
-the end react oppositely to water
receptors
structures that hacve indentations or other shapes that fit adn hold molecules outside the cell
Ligand
the molecules that binds to teh receptor
-may set into motion a cascade of chemical reactions that carries out a particular cellular activity such as dividing
-may set into motion a cascade of chemical reactions that carries out a particular cellular activity such as dividing
Ion Channels
protein lined tunnelsi n teh phospholipid bilayer of a biological membrane
-permits electric signals in ion form to pass through membranes
-specific for calcium, sodium, potassium, or chloride
-permits electric signals in ion form to pass through membranes
-specific for calcium, sodium, potassium, or chloride
Cytoskeleton
meshwork of protein and tubules that molds the distinctive structure of a cell, positioning organelles adn providing a #D shape
3 major elements in a cytoskeleton
microtubules
microfilaments
intermiediate filaments
Distinguish by protein type, diameter, and how they aggregatre into loarger structures
microfilaments
intermiediate filaments
Distinguish by protein type, diameter, and how they aggregatre into loarger structures
Microtubules
xomposed of protein pairs (tubulin) and provide many cellular movements
-form cilia
-form cilia
Mocrfilaments
-long this rods composed of actin (a protein)
-enables cells to withstanf stretching and compression
-anchors cells together
Intermediate Filaments
made of different proteins in different cellt ypes
Plasma membrane
flexible, selective, phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins nad lipids
Mitosis
divisionof somatic cells (all but sperm and egg)
a cell duplicates its chromosomes, then apportions one set into each of 2 resulting cells (daughter cells)
a cell duplicates its chromosomes, then apportions one set into each of 2 resulting cells (daughter cells)
Apoptosis
a form of cell death that is a normal part of growth and development
Necrosis
a cell death in response to an injury
Cell Cycle
describes the sequence of activities as a cell prepares for division then divides
2 major stages
-interphase (not dividing)
-Mitosis (dividing)
2 major stages
-interphase (not dividing)
-Mitosis (dividing)
Meiosis
produces sperm or egg
interphase
cell continues basic biochemical functions of life and replicates its DNA
-G1 and G2 phase
-S phase
G0 phase-cell maintains specialized characteristics but does not replicate or divide its DNA
-G1 and G2 phase
-S phase
G0 phase-cell maintains specialized characteristics but does not replicate or divide its DNA
G1 phase
follors mitosis, cell resumes protein, lipid carb and sythesis
S Phase
cell replcates its entire genome,c ausing each chromosome to consist of 2 copies joined at the centromere
-many proteins synthesized int eh mitotic spindle
-many proteins synthesized int eh mitotic spindle
Centrioles
structure in cells that organize microtubules into teh mitotic spindle
Chromatids
long DNA molecules and its associated proteins, forming 1;2 of a replicated chromosome
Stages of Mitosis
1. Prophase
2. Metaphse
3. Anaphase
4. Telophase
2. Metaphse
3. Anaphase
4. Telophase
Cytokinesis
-organelles and macromolecules are distributed between teh 2 daughter cells
-microfilament band contracts like a drawstring, separating teh newly formed cells
-microfilament band contracts like a drawstring, separating teh newly formed cells
Telomeres
consist of hundreds to thousands of repears of a specific DNA base sequence
-chromosome tip
-chromosome tip
Hormone
a substance synthesized in a gland and transported in teh bloodstream to another part of the body where it exerts a specific effect
Phagocyte
a cell that engulfs adn destroys another
Signal transduction
molecules on th eplasma membrane assess, transmit, and amplify incoming messages to the cells interior
-cells change various tpypes of stimuli into specific stimuli reactions
-cells change various tpypes of stimuli into specific stimuli reactions
Cellular Adhesion
sequence of interactions among teh proteins that connect cells
Cellular Adhesion Molecules
carries out inflammatory repsonse, guides hwite blood cells to injusry site
Progenitor Cells
a cel whose descendants can follow any of several developmental pathways
Self-Renewal
defining property of a stem cells; the ability to yield a daughter cell like itself
Caspases
activated suring apopstion and snip away at cells to kill them
Actin
keep cells together adn allows them to withstand compression and stretchin
Tubulin
moves molecules along
About this deck
By: Danaan Mirr
Textbook: Human Genetics: Concepts and Applications
Created: 2010-07-02
Size: 48 flashcards
Views: 5
Textbook:
Human Genetics: Concepts and ApplicationsCreated: 2010-07-02
Size: 48 flashcards
Views: 5
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis
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