Chapter 2

Psychology 202 with Voorhies at University of Washington - Seattle Campus

About this deck

By: zach fregin
Textbook:

Biological Psychology: An Introduction to Behavioral, Cognitive, and Clinical Neuroscience, Fifth Edition
Created: 2012-01-17
Size: 83 flashcards
Views: 19

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Neuron Doctrine

hypothesis that brain is composed of separate cells that are distinct structurally, metabolically, and functionally

Multipolar Neuron

nerve cell that has many dendrites and a single axon

Bipolar Neuron

nerve cell that has a single dendrite at one end and a single axon at the other end

Unipolar Neuron

aka monopolar neuron. nerve cell with a single branch that leaves cell body and then extends in two directions, a receptive pole and output pole

motoneuron

nerve cell that transmits motor messages, stimulating a muscle or gland

interneuron

neuron that is neither a sensory neuron nor a motoneuron. it receives input from and send output to other neurons

astrocyte

star shaped glial cell with numerous processes that run in all directions

microglial cells

extremely small glial cells that remove cellular debris from injured or dead cells

node of ranvier

gap between successive segments of myelin sheath where the axon membrane is exposed

multiple sclerosis

"many scars" disorder noted by widespread degeneration of myelin

oligodendrocyte

type of glial cell that forms myelin in central nervous system

schwann cell

glial cell that forms myelin in peripheral nervous system

edema

swelling of tissue in brain in response to injury

arborization

elaborate branching of dendrites of some neurons

axon hillock

cone-shaped area from which the axon originates out of the cell body. functionally the integration zone of neuron

axon collateral

branch of an axon from a single neuron

innervate

to provide neural input

cauda equina

caudal-most spinal nerves which extend beyond spinal cord

gross neuroanatomy

anatomical features of nervous system apparent to naked eye

PNS

peripheral nervous system. portion of system that includes all the nerves and neurons outside brain and spinal cord

CNS

central nervous system. portion of system that includes brain and spinal cord

nerve

collection of axons bundled together outside CNS

3 components of PNS

1) cranial nerves 2) spinal nerves 3) autonomic nervous system

cranial nerves

connected directly to brain

spinal nerves

connected at regular intervals to spinal cord

autonomic nervous system

regulatory system that primarily controls viscera (internal organs). glands and smooth muscles

sensory cranial nerves

I. olfactory II. optic VIII. vestibulocochlear (inner ear)

motor cranial nerves

III. oculomotor/IV. trochlear/VI. abducens - move eyes. XI. spinal accessory - neck muscles. XII. Hypoglossal - tongue muscles

sense/motor cranial nerves

V. trigeminal - chewing/facial sensation. VII facial - glands,muscles tongue. IX glossopharyngeal - taste and throat muscles. X vagus - internal organs

spinal dorsal root

sensory info input

spinal ventral root

motor output

cervical spine

top 8 segments of spinal cord, neck

thoracic

12 segments of spinal cord, chest

lumbar

5 segments of spinal cord, upper/lower back

sacral

5 segments of spinal cord, lower back

coccygeal

lowest spinal vertebra, tailbone

gyrus

raised portion of brain

sulcus

furrow/valley of brain

central sulcus

fissure dividing frontal lobe from parietal lobe

sylvian fissure

fissure dividing temporal lobe from others

postcentral gyrus

sensory strip of cortex

precentral gyrus

motor control in frontal lobe

gray matter

devoid of myelin, dominated by cell bodies

telencephalon

frontal part of forebrain, cerebral hemispheres

diencephalon

posterior of forebrain. thalamus and hypothalamus

metencephalon

part of hindbrain including cerebellum and pons

myencephalon

medulla. back part of brain

brainstem

consists of midbrain, pons, and medulla

hippocampus

"seahorse". memory and learning

thalamus

way station for sensory info

hypothalamus

hunger, thirst, temperature regulation, reproduction and more

superior colliculi

processes visual info

inferior colliculi

processes auditory info

tectum

superior and inferior colliculi

purkinje cell

dendrite trees in cerebellum

granule cells

axons rising to surface of cerebellum

neocortex/isocortex

cerebral cortex made of 6 layers

Basal ganglia

MOTOR CONTROL. group of forebrain nuclei. caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, putamen, substantia nigra

limbic system

emotion and learning. amygdala, hippocampus, fornix, cingulate gyrus, olfactory bulb, mammillary bodies.

amygdala

latin for almond. emotions, smell.

fornix

learning

substantia nigra

release dopamine

red nucleus

communicates with motoneurons

reticular formation

stretches from midbrain to medulla. many functions like sleep & arousal, temp regulation, and motor control

cerebellum

motor control, integration of sensory/motor, some aspects of cognition incl. memory

pons

important motor control and sensory nuclei. info from ear first enters pons

pyramidal cell

most prominent kind of neuron in cerebral cortex. pyramid shaped body.

cortical column

columns of neurons that extend through cortex

meninges

3 protective membranes. dura mater, pia mater, arachnoid. surround brian and spinal cord

dura mater

tough mother. outermost layer

pia mater

tender mother. innermost layer

arachnoid

weblike membrane between dura and pia mater

CSF

cerebrospinal fluid. acts as a shock absorber and medium for exchange of materials like nutrients between blood vessels and brain tissue

lateral ventricle

extends into all 4 lobes of hemisphere

choroid plexus

specialized membrane lining ventricles that secretes CSF

stroke

damage to brain tissue due to insufficient blood flow from blockage or rupture of vessels

angiography

x-ray imaging of brain taken after injection of radiopaque dye giving detailed views of blood vessels

CAT

computerized axial tomography. x-ray radiation absorption analyzed to produce tissue density maps

MRI

magnetic resonance imaging. uses magnetic energy that causes protons to align then relax, emitting radio waves that differ for tissues of different density.

PET

positron emission tomography. radioactive materials injected into bloodstream. detectors track the path and destination of chemicals during brain's activity

fMRI

functional magnetic resonance imaging. rapidly oscillating magnetic fields used to detects small changes in matabolism i.e oxygen use by active regions.

TMS

transcranial magnetic stimulation. focal magnetic currents used to briefly stimulate parts of brain

MEG

magnetoencephalography. ultra-sensitive detectors SQUIDS detect changes in magnetic fields of neuronal activity.

About this deck

By: zach fregin
Textbook:

Biological Psychology: An Introduction to Behavioral, Cognitive, and Clinical Neuroscience, Fifth Edition
Created: 2012-01-17
Size: 83 flashcards
Views: 19

About StudyBlue

“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj