Chapter 2
Science Education B204 with Ramey at Oakland Community College
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By: LaShanya Parker
Created: 2012-01-25
Size: 71 flashcards
Views: 28
Created: 2012-01-25
Size: 71 flashcards
Views: 28
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Matter (The Universe)
has mass and occupies space
Energy (The Universe)
the ability to do work
Atoms
1. made of protons (+), electrons (-), and neutrons (0)
2. all atoms have an equal number of protons and electrons (neutral charge)
3. electrons are key to the way an atom behaves
4. extremely small particles
Atomic number
the number of protons
Atomic mass
the number of protons + neutrons
Atomic symbol
a one, two, or three letter abbreviation for each atom
Are orbital and energy level the same?
No
Octect Rule
1. electrons circle around the nucleus in specific orbitals (orbits, shells)
2. the first orbital can contain a maximum of 2 electrons
3. the second orbital can have a maximum of 8 electrons
4. Atoms are "happy" only when their valence orbital is full
Ions
an atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons (a charged atom)
Cation
a positively charged atom
Anion
a negatively charged atom
Oxidation
the loss of an elctrons (becomes oxidized)
Reduction
the gain of an electron (becomes reduced)
Isotopes
an atom that has a different number of neutrons. Some Isotopes are unstable and breakdown releasing energy
Na
Sodium
Ca
Calcium
Mg
Magnesium
Fe
Iron
Cl
Chlorine
chemical bonds
an attractive force linking two atoms together.
Ionic Bonds
a chemical bond formed by the attraction between oppositely charged atoms. Occurs when atoms transfer electrons
Why do chemical reactions occur?
Products are more stable than reactants
Covalent bonds
a chemical bond that occurs when atoms share electrons by merging their valence shells
Types of Covalent bonds
1. Single bond
2. Double bond
3. Triple bond
Single bond
two atoms sharing one pair of electrons
Double bond
two atoms sharing two pairs of electrons
Triple bond
two atoms sharing three pairs of electrons
Are covalent bonds stronger than ionic bonds or vice versa?
Covalent bonds are stronger
What alters bonds?
Chemical reactions
Chemical reaction
the formation and/or breaking of chemical bonds (electrons are key)
Reactants
a substance that takes part in and undergoes a chemical change in a reaction (starting molecules)
Products
in a chemical reaction, what is produced (end molecules)
What factors influence chemical reactions?
1. Temperature
2. Concentration
3. Catalyst
The Chemical Formula of water
H20
Is Oxygen eletronegative?
Yes
Is Hydrogen electronegative?
No. Hydrogen is electropositive
Hydogen bonding
a weak attractive force between polar molecules involving a partially negative atom and a partially positive hydrogen
Cohesion
the tendencey for a substance to be attrached to the same substance
Adhesion
water adheres to any substance with which it can form hydrogen bonds
Specific heat
the amount of heat required to raise one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius
Heat of Vaporization
the amount of heat it takes to turn one gram of a substance from liquid to gas
Density
ice is less dense than liquid
Solvent
the portion of a solution that does the dissolving
PH Scale
a measure of the [H+] (hydrogen ion concentration) in a solution
What is the substance that will increase [H+] ?
Acid
What is a substance that will decrease [H+]?
A base
Buffers
a substance that maintains a specific pH, within reason, even when acids and bases are added
Nucleus
the central area of an atom containing protons and neutrons
Electron Shell
the area od an atom where electrons can be found
Radioactive Isotopes
unstable atoms that break down and release energy
Electronegativity
an atoms affinity for electrons
Compound
a substance composed of two or more elements chemically bonded together
Molecule
a substance of two or more atoms covanetly bonded together
nonpolar covalent bonds
a bond formed when electrons are shared equally. No partical chagres are developed
Polar Covalent Bond
a bond fromed when electrons are unequally shared. partical charges develop
Solute
the portion of the solution that is dissolved
Hydrophillic
any substance that can dissolve in water, usually polar substances and ions
Solutions
composed of a solute and a colvent
Hydrophobic
any substance that cannot dissolve in water, usually nonpolar substances
Hydrophobic exclusion
the tendency of hydrophobic susbtances to cluster together when in water
Surface Tension
a tauntness of the surface of a liquid caused by the cohesion of water molecules of a liquid
About this deck
By: LaShanya Parker
Created: 2012-01-25
Size: 71 flashcards
Views: 28
Created: 2012-01-25
Size: 71 flashcards
Views: 28
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis
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