Chapter 20: Classification

AP Biology with Nelson at Northville High School

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Taxonomy

branch of biology concerned with identifying, naming, and classifying organisms

who was the bionmial nomenclature developed by and what is it?

- developed by Carolus Linnaeus

- two-part naming system (first word is genus, capitalized; second word is specific epithet, not capitalized)

- in italics

subspecies

variant types that interbreed where their populations overlap when a species has a wide geographic range

taxon

group of organisms that fill a particular category of classification

major categories (in order from most to least inclusive)

1. Domain

2. Kingdom

3. Phylum

4. Class

5. Order

6. Family

7. Genus

8. Species

phylogenetic trees

diagram that indicates common ancestors and lines of descent

systematic (under phylogenetic tree)

study of diversity of organisms at all levels of organization

each branch in an evolutionary tree is a ------- that indicates -------- --------

divergence; common ancestors

fossil records (1 ex.)

- trace the history of life in broad terms and can be dated

- carbon dating

disadvantages to fossil records (2)

1. fossils cannot always tell which groups are related

2. fossils are incomplete and usually only have the hard body parts, teeth, and bones, and not the soft parts

homology

- character similarity that stems from having a common ancestor

homologous structures

structures related to each other through common descent

convergent evolution

the acquisition of same or similar characters in distantly related lines of descent

analogous structures

same function of characteristic but do not have a common ancestor also called an Analogy

Parallel Evolution

the acquisition of the same or similar character in two or more related lineages without it being present in a common ancestor

speciation occurs when what is present?

mutation in the DNA

protein comparisons

comparing amino acid structures and counting differences

Cytochrome-C

- protein found in all aerobic organisms

- used to measure the difference of amino acid structures in an organism to show how closely related organisms are

ribosomal RNA

- reliable indicator of similarity btwn organisms

- helped scientists divide up living things into three domains

DNA-DNA hybridization

- DNA double helix of both organisms stripped into one strand and allowed to combine with each other

- better the strands connect = more closely related

mitochondrial DNA

- used to determine the phylogeny of closely related species bc they mutate 10X faster than nclear DNA

Molecular clocks

- nucleic acid changes are neutral & not affected by adaptation

- fairly constant rates lets us measure how long ago the organisms split

three main schools of systematic

1. cladistics

2. phonetics

3. traditional

cladistics based on works of ---- ----?

Willi Hennig

cladistics

- uses shared derived characteristics to classify organisms and arrange taxa in a phylogenetic tree called cladogram

parsimony

states that the minimum # of assumptions is the most logical; used to construct cladograms that leave the fewest # of shared derived characters unexplained

making a cladogram (2 steps)

1. draw a table that lists all the characters for all the taxa to examine which characteristics are ANCESTRAL or DERIVED

2. organize the derived characters in order from when they evolved (CLADE); clades can be diff sizes if 2 organ. share a der. cha.

outgroup (cladistics)

taxon that defines the primitive characters of the study group

study group (cladistics)

taxa that will be placed into clades in a cladogram

ancestral characters

structures that present in the outgroup and also in the study group

clade

evolutionary branch of a cladogram; monophyletic taxon that contains a common ancestor and all its descendant species can be in any other taxon

phenetic

- species classified according to the # of their similarities

- ignores possiblity of convergence or parallelism

traditional

- use anatomical data to classify organisms and construct phylogenetic trees based on evolutionary principles; use both common ancestry & the degree of structural difference among idvergent groups

from Aristotle's time - mid 20th century only 2 kingdoms known:

Plantae & Animalia

Ernst Haeckel

Proposed adding third kingdom, Protista

R. H. Whittaker

expanded classification system to five kingdoms

Dr. Carl Woese

proposed 2 groups of prokaryotes

About this deck

By: bethie wa
Created: 2010-11-03
Size: 37 flashcards
Views: 6

About StudyBlue

“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
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