Chapter 23-24 Terms: Africa and the Middle East

Honors World Studies with Grimm at Homestead High School

About this deck

By: Austin Cao
Textbook:

World History: The Modern Era, the Human Experience
Created: 2011-05-14
Size: 76 flashcards
Views: 93

About StudyBlue

STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school. Things like online flashcards with photos and audio. Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next. Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone. STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.

“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy

Sign up (free) to study this.

Kwame Nkrumah

-leader of Ghana, fought for independence

+set a model for other countries, instability caused countries to move backwards after independence

Ghana

-British Gold Coast at first, much resources

-Nkrumah leads independence

+following years are unstable and in slow decline, other countries make same mistake

Mobutu Sese Seko

-leader of Congo, change name to Zaire

-rebelled against when he steals from country and bans opponents

+followed Nkrumah model, continued instability

+though he restores order when he comes to power, he is weakened slowly and taken out of power

Zaire

-independence from Belgium

-victim of civil war and instability afterwards

+followed Nkrumah model and ended up with shaky gov.

+UN involvment shows growing need of foreign help in Africa

Jomo Kenyatta

-independence leader in Kenya

-struggled against British, Mau Mau attacks

+presidency brings stability to Kenya

+instead of falling into the mistakes that Nkrumah-like countries did, he pushed for capitalism and better relations

Biafra

-region of Nigeria that seceded from country because of civil war

+shows how European made borders caused ethnic conflict

+lead to more political instability that set the country backwards after indepedence

Apartheid

-"apartness"

-separated ethnic groups, black and white "homelands"

+oppressive whites remained in power, showing how independence didn't mean freedom

+huge example of Africa's struggle to move forward even though these conflicts did the opposite

South Africa

-independence from Britian

-but white minority ruled, enforcing "apartheid"

+independence doesn't mean freedom

+international community got involved in pushing for equality, the ANC became a huge symbol

Military Coups

-happened in Libya, Uganda, Nigeria, etc.

-promoted conservative goals, single opinion and oppressive

+generally showed how unstable politics were after independence

+the swinging pendulum, extreme gov. come one after another

Political Instability

-major problem for Africa after independence

-caused by ethnic conflicts, inexperienced gov. and debt

+led to economic and social slowdown, instead of moving forward, Africa moved backwards

Food Shortages

-resulted from poor economies in Africa that were based on cash crops

-poor living conditions and starvation increased as result

+European based economies in Africa simply couldn't function since they weren't aimed at improving the natives

+for developing countries, the fluctuation blocked economic increase

Overpopulation

-economy was geared for export to Europe

-after independence, food was needed for country

+debt and foreign influence continued after independence, since developing nations did not have the essentials needed to boost economy

Foreign Debt

-incurred upon African countries even after independence

-borrowing money from developed countries, developing countries couldn't pay back

+results in even worse economies for Africa, since debt kept increasing

+this in turn decreases social status and dependence on foreign food

Cash Crop Economy

-European colonies were geared to export

-now, needed to supply own country, but couldn't with status quo

+forces developing countries to borrow money for food, inccuring debt

+instability in international market causes food shortage as well

Negritude

-black poetry movement in Africa

-founded by Leopold Sedar Senghor

+shows rising "nationalism" in Africa, want to regain native culture and maintain a strong, proud identity

Colonial Independence

-African nations fight for independence from colonial countries in Europe

+Europe was weakened from World Wars, couldn't afford colonies

+Africa strengthened a growing sense of nationalism into an independence movement, but wasn't ready for the long road after

Nonaligned

-remain on no one's side

-refuses to ally with US or Soviets

+strategy used by countries like India to keep friends with the whole world, and improve self by improving all relations

Rhodesian Front

-party in Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) of Europeans

-formed to suppress African independence movement

+shows how white minority often refused to acknowledge native Africans, overcoming such an obstacle was a huge symbol of equality

Muammar Qaddafi

-colonel who headed the military takeover in Libya

-nationalist and socialist (ish)

+shows how people were often discontent with the post-independent gov. so the conservative military was able to easily take control, not always for the best

Nelson Mandela

-president of ANC, headed independence movement

-later president of South Africa

+came to symbolize the struggle for equality

+even after South Africa was independent, white minorities remained in power, Mandela fought against this

F.W. De Klerk

-president of South Africa before Mandela

-released Mandela and repealed many unfair laws

+peacefully allowed for change into a more free society

+contrast with Rhodesia, where the white minority insisted on fighting to suppress Africans

Somalia

-Emperor is ousted, and replaced with dictatorship

-later civil war between clans fought for control, country was ravaged by war

+the need for a UN involvement showed how deeply divided Somalia was

+as a result, famine spread, and relief organizations got involved

Colons

-French settlers in Algeria

-took highest jobs away from Muslims and got support from French gov.

+led to collapse of French gov. and then independence for Algeria

+struggle left millions dead

Ahmed Sekou Toure

-Guinea nationalist leader

-wanted French entirely out of their country

+got aid from USSR, this angers France, prompting de Gaulle to grant independence to the rest of his African colonies

Angola/Mozambique

-Portuguese ruled at first, oppressive

-new Portuguese gov. allowed independence

+though many looked forward to a more freer status, often the unstable gov. went extremist (in this case communist-ish)

Kofi Annan

-diplomat who was secretary-general of the Untied Nations

+one, represents growing African force in international affairs

+two, being the first, he promoted equality among all countries

OAU

-Organization of African Unity

-promote cooperation, strived for a single country but failed

+represents growing Pan-Africanism and desire to unite

+new countries often had trouble developing economically and politically in such a changing community

ECOWAS

-Economic Community of West African States

-promoted regional economics, also helps control peace

+shows Pan-African movement, along with OAU

+also, gave smaller, less developing countries support from each other (to compare with larger powers)

Rwanda

-country in which ethnic conflict between Hutu and Tutsi groups caused

-genocide and refugees

+ethnic divides often split up countries, even after they worked together for independence

+the country was set back dramatically (war-torn, thousands dead)

Hutus/Tutsis

-ethnic groups that fought in Rwanda and Burundi conflict

-Tutsi minority were favored at first by Belgians

-then turning of power caused genocide, also refugees

+represent the differences and tension between the hundreds of groups in Africa, often caused by colonial borders

Gamal Nasser

-coups out King Farouk, becomes Egyptian president

-dislikes West, reforms economical and social

+his "courage" in the Suez Crisis made him a model

+other Middle Eastern countries followed his brand of nationalism

Suez Crisis

-Nasser needs money, so he nationalizes the Suez Canal

-Britain and Israel invade, but US and USSR tell them to get out, peace

+this conflict led to a stronger view of Nasser and his nationalism, raise hopes for Arab rise/unity

Aswan High Dam

-project that Nasser had wanted to start, US had lent money at first

-but due to Egypt-USSR relations, US stopped funding, Nasser was angry

+related to Cold War, Egypt which strove to be nonaligned tried to have "best of both worlds"

United Arab Republic

-Nasser formed this, Syria and Egypt merged

-failure due to Syrian nationalism

+its failure represented the inert desire for sovereignty that stopped any type of cooperation from going further

Israel

-Zionist movement prompts creation of Israel

-UN partition plan doesn't satisfy Arabs, conflict

+being an "outsider", Israel is the odd one out in the Middle East

+also, due to close ties with the US, Arab nations have come to make enemies with the US as well

Arab-Israeli Conflict

-US partition plan doesn't satisfy Arabs, so they declare war on Israel

-continues to happen, Israel wants security and own country

-Arabs wanted Palestine back

+religion, and different cultures have developed as today, the conflict continues

+b/c of this conflict Arabs hate US as well

P.L.O.

-Palestine Liberation Organization

-goal is to rebirth Palestine and destroy Israel

-led by Yasir Arafat, conflict mainly in occupied territories

+on a grand scale, the PLO is the more moderate of the Arabs, and has made strides towards peace

-however, the Hamas group continued to strike and ruin relations

Yasir Arafat

-leader of PLO, goal is creation of Palestine

-moderate, and strove for peace later on

+he represented the Palestinians who were in diaspora, though he sought harsh revenge at first, later that changed

Hamas

-terrorist group, did bombings to scare Israel

-reactionary extreme

+though the peace process continued, Hamas always brought it back a step though terrorism (despite PLO's work)

Occupied Territories(5)

-they are Golan Heights, West Bank, Jerusalem, Gaza Strip, and Sinai

-once all Arab, the conflict with Israel made them flip back and forth possession

+they became the "remains" of Palestine, where many Arabs fled to from Israel

+often was where conflicts emerged

Six Day War

-Arab countries mobilize, Israel responds with preemptive attack

-gains occupied territories

+first, shows Israel's power and wits

+second, sparked the PLO's creation and Palestine resistance

O.P.E.C.

-Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

-cartel that regulates stuff amongst selves

+due to such large supplies of oil in region, OPEC had a significant leverage point

+supporting the PLO only flared more opposition to Israel and the West

Camp David Accords

-Sadat, Begin, and Carter all got together and make some tasty peace

-recognize Israel, return Sinai

+shows that peace was not only possible, but that is was beneficial

+however, this encoraged extremists, whom responded with outrage and terrorism (Hamas, Ayatollah)

President Jimmy Carter

-US leader who hosted Camp David Accords (Sadat and Begin) success

-admin during Hostage Crisis in Iran

+his involvement in the peace talks was crucial in the regional stability

+also, not reelected because of Reagan's deal with Ayatollah

President Anwar Sadat

-Egyptian president after Nasser

-Yom Kippur War, but then becomes more moderate and strives for peace

+exemplifies the Arabs who sought peace and negotiated a fiasible future, contrary to the reactionary extremists, in this case Hamas who held back any negotiations Sadat tried

Menachim Begin

-Israeli PM in Camp David Accords

-sought peace as well, and improved relations with Arabs

+by giving up Sinai in Accords, he proved his willingness to concede to the Arabs, for no more war (previous two)

1979 Arab-Israeli Peace

-negotiated by Begin and Sadat with Carter

-previous Camp David Accords helped set it up

+ended the major Arab-Israeli conflict no more war

+reaction was applause, but also extremists responded with assassination of Sadat, hostage situation with Ayatollah

Hosni Mubarak

-president of Egypt after Sadat was assassinated

-was Muslim and wanted to improve Arab relations not Israel's

+showed the growing opposition to West, and Israel based upon Islam

+contrasted Sadat?

Shah of Iran

-US supported Mohammad Reza Pahlavi

-was hated and fled country, so Khomeini calls for Islamic tradition and becomes leader

+showed by Arabs disliked the leaders the US put in, and then came to hate the US

PM Mohammad Mossadeg

-prime minister of Iran when Shah flees

-fights for nationalist goals, so anti-West

+reveals that the Iranian people hated the US sponsored Shah

+this led to a growing Arab nationalist group that inherently disliked US

Golda Meir

-prime minister of Israel after Ben-Gurion

+first woman PM, shows growing social movements towards equality despite traditions

Lebanese Civil War

-war between Christians and Muslims majority

-PLO involved as well support from Muslims

+the mess happened from other countries invading to stop the violence, this only encouraged terrorism and violence

+effect was greater equality despite religion

Ayatollah Khomeini

-leader of Iran, Shiite Muslim

-overthrew Shah, hated US (hostage crisis)

+hostage situation showed how much Khomeini disliked the US

+also, war with Iraq showed how Muslims were divided Shiite and Sunni

Pan-Arabism

-nationalist movement to encourage unity among Arabs

-results in Arab League

+gave these newly independence countries support from each other, easy because of similar cultures

+also, resulted in Arab vs. Israel conflict, as the "holy war" called upon religion

Pres Camille Chamoun

-leader in Lebanon who supported West

+Arabs came to hate the US through leaders like Chamoun who received US support

+civil war set back country, unstable

Dwight Eisenhower

-US president who sent military into Lebanon to restore peace

+Chamoun, who was pro-US, was hated by many Muslims, by helping him we made ourselves even a bigger foe in their eyes

+secondly, the US withdrew,, showing how neither superpower was dominating the region

Turkey

-country received a lot of US support

-part of NATO and Baghdad Pact

+first, border with Soviet bloc prompted US to get Turkey on our side (Cold War)

Baghdad Pact

-goal was to block Soviets

-Turkey and Iran both joined

+Cold War politics guided us to make certain decisions, like aiding in modernizing Turkey, and helping the Shah of Iran

+this didn't always go well with the native people though

Yom Kippur War

-Sadat attacks Israel (Meir)

-Israel fought back, no win, disengagement

+example of the heated conflict between Arab and Israel

+shows how Sadat was originally very reactionary, yet changed after to a more moderate stance

Yitzhak Rabin

-PM of Israel after Begin

-aided in the Palestine peace process, liberal

+by conceding to allow Arab self rule eventually in occ. terr. both sides gained peace and agreements, later though, the circle comes back again as Hamas and Netanyahu both take reactionary stances

PM Benjamin Netanyahu

-PM of Israel after Rabin

-stressed security of country, conservative

+by taking a strong stance against Arabs, and closing off Palestinian areas, he once again angered the Arab people and conflict naturally occurred as Hamas responded, peace is set back

Iran-Iraq War

-both developing nations fought for a decade

-both received US support, however Iraq was WMN

+for the US the most important result was that both countries were war torn and unstable

+double dealing only added to Arab hate of US

Saddam Hussein

-president of Iraq who invaded Kuwait

-lost in the Persian Gulf War

+shows first, how US supported the wrong man, and wrong country to give MVN

+also the Gulf War showed how effective the US, and UN could be militarily

Persian Gulf War

-Iraq invaded Kuwait, UN coalition responded

-bombed Israel, but lost to UN and US

+first shows how effective the UN can be in achieving a clear goal

+second without Hussein's bid for power, Arab nations would never have seen how effectively the US and Israel responded, improve relations

Kurds

-ethnic group in Middle East, no offical homeland

-crushed by Saddam Hussein, inhumane chemical weapons were used

+to the US public, such attacks on civilians should be condemned, and the decision not to continue the Gulf War and end Hussein surprised them

Scud Missiles

-large and inaccurate bombs Iraq fired at Israel

-in the Gulf War, Hussein did this in order to ignite a Holy War

+however, Israel's decision not to re attack was crucial in the eventual end to Iraq's bid for power, showed to Arabs the Israel did not want war

UN Coalition

-effective group led by US, mission was to remove Iraq from Kuwait

-goal was achieved, highlights capability of a international group to come together for a common purpose

+the success was brilliant, however for Americans it did not achieve the goal they had in mind, this led to Second Persian Gulf War

King Hussein I

-Jordan's leader, who was pro-US

-in face of Nasser movement, he asked US for support

+anti-West feelings flare up and only continue to grow because of similar events

Kuwait

-small, oil filled country, invaded by Iraq

-Hussein gave many reasons for invading, but didn't stop UN coalition success

+in reality, he was looking for power and Arab unity

+removing him from Kuwait achieved the goal, but didn't satisfy the US people, led to reinvolvement in Second Gulf

Arab League

-organization wth Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, etc.

-promote Arab unity through political and economic ties

-gave newly independent countries support from one another

+fostered a growing sense of "nationalism" among Arabs which in turn,

+left Israel as the odd one out, leading to conflict later

PM David Ben Gurion

-first prime minister of Israel

-5 Arab countries attacked his new country immediately

-Israel fought back with US support

+by defeating the Arab forces the first year, it became cemented that Arab Israeli relations would only get worse

Fundamentalism

-return to traditional cultural values

-reaction to massive change and modernization

+contributed to a rise in Islamic influence in politics

+has divided Middle Eastern countries when cooperation is most needed

Desalination

-removal of salt from water for drinking and farming

-solution to water scarcity and uneven distribution

+example of how technology is capable of improving countries, and

+how only through cooperation can it be achieved

Kibbutzim

-collective farms where Palestinian Jews lived

-low standards of living and poor conditions

+caused new Israel to inately be enemies with Arabs, further conflicts arose as a result

Sahel

-Region that borders Sahara

-place where desertification is taking place

+less fertile land has caused famine and is severely limiting African growth

+Sahel is becoming ever more fragile

Women in the M.E.

-Golda Meir was first female head of gov.

-Tansu Ciller was first female Muslim leader

+more equality for women showed growing social modernizations, this led to a natural reaction, fundamentalism

About this deck

By: Austin Cao
Textbook:

World History: The Human Experience

World History: The Modern Era, the Human Experience
Created: 2011-05-14
Size: 76 flashcards
Views: 93

About StudyBlue

“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy