Chapter 25: Bacteria & Archae
Biology 101 with Torres/d'arville at Rutgers University - New Brunswick/Piscataway
About this deck
By: Toyin Dada
Textbook:
Biology (Available Titles Coursemate)
Created: 2011-11-03
Size: 35 flashcards
Views: 99
Textbook:
Biology (Available Titles Coursemate)Created: 2011-11-03
Size: 35 flashcards
Views: 99
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Cell Structure
- DNA in nucleoid area, cytoplasm has ribosomes, storage granules for glycogen, lipid, phosphate compounds, enzymes
- respiration + photosynthesis associated w/ plasma membrane
Bacteria Shapes (3 types)
- spherical
- Rod shaped
- Spirals
Spherical
- called cocci (sing. coccus)
- occur singly, in groups of 2 = diplococci, long chains = streptococci, or clumps = staphylococci
Rod Shaped
- called baccilli (sing. baccillus)
- occur as single rods or as long chains of rods
Spirals
spirochete if flexible, spirillium if rigid (vibrio is spirillium shaped like a comma)
Bacterial Cell Walls
contain peptidoglycan
Gram Positive or Negative
Positive --> retain crystal violet stain, meaning the the peptidoglycan wall is thick because of sugar
negative --> do not stain. It has 2 layers, thin peptidoglycan layer and thick outer membrane that contains polysaccharides bonded to lipids
Capsules + slime layers
- a polysaccharide or protein that surrounds cell walls to protect the cell from phagocytosis (ex. w/o a capsule s. pneumoniae can't cause pneumonia
- they are used to attach to surfaces like rocks, plant roots, human teeth (dental plaque)
- use fimbriae and pili to attach to cell surface/each other
Fimbriae
hundreds of hairlike appendages (shorter than flagella) made of protein
Pili
Longer + fewer than fimbriae. Sex pili transmit DNA between bacteria
How prokaryotes move
Move by means of rotation. They use ATP to pump protons out of the cell
Bacteria Flagella (layout)
Placement + number differ by species
Basal body goes through the cell membrane to anchor the flagella to the body, moves like a motor
Hook is the filament of flagella, protein uses ATP to move it
Asexual Reproduction (3 types)
- binary fission
- budding
- fragmentation
Binary fission
1 cell divides into 2 similar cells, circuluar DNA replicates, ingrowth plasma membrane + cell wall form transverse wall
Budding
Cell develops a bulge (bud) that enlarges, matures, and seprates from mother cell
Fragementation
walls develop within cell and separate into several new cells
Genetic Material
- most have it in single DNA molecule
- have 1+ plasmids
Plasmids
circular fragments of DNA containing genes for either catabolic enzymes, genetic exchange or antibiotic resistance
Genetic Material Exchange (3 ways)
- transformation
- transduction
- conjugation
Transformation
When bacteria die, they release DNA that can be taking by other bacteria. The fragments are taken up and bind to DNA-binding protein on the surface and enter. The DNA is incorporated to the host cell's genome by swapping it's DNA for the foreign DNA's (reciprocal recombination)
Transduction
Phage carries bacterial genes from one bacterial cell into another. when the phage infects a new cell, the phage's DNA and the DNA of the other bacteria is recombinated with the new host's DNA
Conjugation
Two cells of different mating types come together and exchange DNA information via sex pili.
Endospores
Dormant extremely durable cells that bacteria form when in unfavorable conditions
Nutrition (2 ways)
- autotrophic
- heterotrophic
Heterotroph
Obtain carbon from other organic compounds from other organic compounds
Autotroph
Uses inorganic compunds like CO2 as soruce of carbon to manufacture organic compounds
4 Groups of Prokaryotes
- photoautotroph
- chemoautotroph
- photoheterotroph
- Chemoheterotrophs
Photoautotroph
Use sunlight energy to synthesize organic compounds
Chemoautroph
Use CO2 as a carbon source, get energy by oxidizing inorganic compounds (NH3, H2S
Photoheterotroph
obtain carbon from other organisms but use chlorophyll and other photosyntehtic pigmemts to trap energy from sunlight
Chemoautotroph
Depend on organic molecules for both carbon and energy
Diffferences between Archae and Bacteria
- bacteria have peptidoglycan, archae do not
- fatty acids linked to glycerol by ester linkages in bacterial plasma membrane, archae have no fatty acids in plasma membrane. they have branched chained hydrocarbons bonded to glycerol by ether linkage
- unique sequences of SSU rRNA
Nitrogen Fixation
- reduce nitrogen to ammonia, then use it to produce organic compounds
Nitrification
Either converting ammonia to nitrate or nitrite or converting nitrite to nitrate
5 Major Groups of Bacteria
- Proteobacteria (gram - negative)
- Cyanobacteria " "
- Chlamydia " "
- Spirochetes " "
- Gram positive bacteria
About this deck
By: Toyin Dada
Textbook: Biology (Available Titles Coursemate)
Created: 2011-11-03
Size: 35 flashcards
Views: 99
Textbook:
Biology (Available Titles Coursemate)Created: 2011-11-03
Size: 35 flashcards
Views: 99
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj
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