Chapter 3: The Skeletal System

the smooth, rubbery, blue-white connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones

covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints. This cartilage makes smooth joint movement possible and protects the bones from rubbing against each other

the curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints, such as the knee and the temporomandibular joint of the jaw

allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage

created where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions

consists of 80 bones including those of the skull; the ribs, sternum, and thoracic vertebrae of the thoracic cavity; and the other vertebrae of the spinal column

makes body movement possi- ble and also protects the organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction

made up of the following eight bones, is the portion of the skull that encloses the brain

which protects internal organs and supports the lower extremities, is also known as the pelvis or hips

the broad blade-shaped bone that forms the back and sides of the pubic bone

the slightly movable articulation between the sacrum and posterior portion of the ilium (sacr/o means sacrum, ili means ilium, and -ac means pertaining to)

forms the lower posterior portion of the pubic bone, bears the weight of the body when sitting

forms the anterior portion of the pubic bone, is located just below the urinary bladder

also known as the hip socket, is the large circular cavity in each side of the pelvis that articulates with the head of the femur to form the hip joint

also known as the kneecap, is the bony anterior portion of the knee

referring to the posterior space behind the knee where the ligaments, vessels, and muscles related to this joint are located

which are shown in Figure 3.5, make possible the movements of the knee. These are known as the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments because they are shaped like a cross

also known as the shinbone, is the larger weight-bearing bone in the anterior of the lower leg

the smaller of the two bones of the lower leg

the rounded bony protuberance on each side of the ankle (plural, malleoli)

the anklebone that articulates with the tibia and fibula

also known as the heel bone, is the largest of the tarsal bones

form that part of the foot to which the toes are attached

the bones of the toes. The great toe has two phalanges. Each of the other toes has three phalanges. The bones of the fingers are also called phalanges

holds a DO degree and uses traditional forms of medical treatment in addition to specializing in treating health problems by spinal manipulation

the loss, or absence, of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury, or a surgical procedure (ankyl means crooked, bent, or stiff, and -osis means abnormal condition or disease)

is stiffness of the joints, especially in the elderly

an inflammation of a bursa

the abnormal softening of cartilage

a slow-growing benign tumor derived from cartilage cells

an in- flammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum

also known as a bunion, is an abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe (hallux means big toe, and valgus means bent)

blood within a joint (hem means blood, arthr means joint, and -osis means abnormal condition or disease)

inflammation of the synovial membrane that results in swelling and pain of the affected joint

also known as luxation (luck-SAY-shun), is the total displacement of a bone from its joint

the partial dis- placement of a bone from its joint

an inflammatory condition of one or more joints (arthr means joint, and -itis means inflammation)

also known as wear-and-tear arthritis, is most commonly associated with aging

also known as spinal osteoarthritis, is a degenerative disorder that can cause the loss of normal spinal structure and function

also known as gout, is a type of arthritis characterized by deposits of uric acid in the joints (gout develops when excess uric acid, which is present in the blood, forms crystals in the joints of the feet and legs)

commonly known by its abbreviation RA, is a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked

a form of rheumatoid arthritis that primarily causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae (ankylos- ing means the progressive stiffening of a joint or joints, and spondylitis means inflammation of the vertebrae)

an autoimmune disorder that affects children aged 16 years or less with symptoms that include stiffness, pain, joint swelling, skin rash, fever, slowed growth, and fatigue

also known as a slipped or ruptured disk, is the breaking apart of an intervertebral disk that results in pressure on spinal nerve roots

also known as low back pain, is pain of the lumbar region of the spine (lumb means lumbar, and -ago means diseased condition)

the forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra or sacrum below it (spondyl/o means vertebrae, and -listhesis means slipping)

a congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy when the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it

an abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine as viewed from the side

a malformation of the skull due to the premature closure of the cranial sutures

a bone disorder of unknown cause that destroys normal bone structure and replaces it with fibrous (scar-like) tissue (this leads to uneven growth, brittleness, and deformity of the affected bones)

also known as osteodynia, mean pain in a bone

also spelled ostitis, is an inflammation of bone

also known as adult rickets, is abnormal softening of bones in adults

an inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent bone (the bacterial infection that causes osteomyelitis often originates in another part of the body and spreads to the bone via the blood)

the death of bone tissue due to a lack of insufficient blood supply

also known as osteitis deformans, is a bone disease of unknown cause (condition is characterized by excessive breakdown of bone tissue, followed by abnormal bone formation; new bone is structurally enlarged, weakened and filled with new blood vessels

an inflammation of the periosteum (this condition is often associated with shin splints)

also known as infantile osteoma- lacia, is a deficiency disease occurring in children

formerly known as dwarfism, is condi- tion resulting from the failure of the bones of the limbs to grow to an appropriate length

also known as clubfoot, describes any congenital deformity of the foot involving the talus (ankle bones)

a relatively rare malignant tumor that originates in a bone

describes tumors that have metastasized (spread) to bones from other organs such as the breasts and lungs

a type of cancer that occurs in blood-making cells found in the red bone marrow (this condition can cause pathologic fractures and is often fatal)

is a benign bony projection covered with cartilage

a marked loss of bone density and an increase in bone porosity that is frequently associated with aging

thinner than average bone density in a young person

also known as a vertebral crush fracture, occurs when the bone is pressed together (compressed) on itself

named for the Irish surgeon Abraham Colles, is also known as a fractured wrist (this fracture occurs at the lower end of the radius when a person tries to stop a fall by landing on his or her hands)

also known as a broken hip, is usually caused by weakening of the bones due to osteoporosis and can occur either spontaneously or as the result of a fall

which is a broken bone, is described in terms of its complexity

also known as a simple fracture or a complete fracture, is one in which the bone is broken, but there is no open wound in the skin

also known as a compound fracture, is one in which the bone is broken and there is an open wound in the skin

one in which the bone is splintered or crushed

incomplete fracture, is one in which the bone is bent and only partially broken (this type of fracture occurs primarily in children)

occurs at an angle across the bone

occurs when a weakened bone breaks under normal strain (this is due to bones being weakened by osteoporosis or to a disease process such as cancer)

a fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart (this type of fracture occurs as the result of a severe twisting motion such as in a sports injury)

an overuse injury, is a small crack in the bone that often develops from chronic, excessive impact

occurs straight across the bone

can form when a long bone is fractured and fat cells from yellow bone marrow are released into the blood

also known as crepitus, is the grating sound heard when the ends of a broken bone move together

forms as a bulging deposit around the area of the break

also known as an x-ray, is the use of x-radiation to visualize bone fractures and other abnormalities

the visual examination of the internal structure of a joint

a diagnostic test that may be necessary after abnormal types or numbers of red or white blood cells are found in a complete blood count test

used to image soft tissue structures such as the interior of complex joints

a screening test for osteoposoris or other conditions that cause a loss of bone mass (in this procedure, sound waves are used to take measurements of the calcenaeous (heel) bone)

a low-exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips to measure bone density (this test produces more accurate results than ultrasonic bone density testing)

used to treat certain types of cancers, such as leukemia and lymphomas, that affect bone marrow

uses healthy bone marrow cells from a compatible donor, often a sibling

the patient receives his own bone marrow cells which have been harvested, cleansed, treated, and then stored before the remaining bone marrow is destroyed

a mechanical appliance, such as a leg brace or splint, that is specially designed to control, correct, or compensate for impaired limb function

a substitute for a diseased or missing body part, such as a leg that has been amputated (plural, prostheses)

also known as surgical ankylosis, is the surgical fusion (joining together) of two bones to stiffen a joint, such as an ankle, elbow, or shoulder

the surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint

a minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of the interior of a joint

the surgical removal of a bursa (burs means the bursa, and -ectomy means surgical removal)

the surgical repair of damaged cartilage (chondr/o means cartilage, and -plasty means surgical repair)

the surgical removal of a synovial membrane from a joint (one use of this procedure, which can be performed endoscopically, is to repair joint damage caused by rheumatoid arthritis)

the surgical repair of a damaged joint

means that all of the parts of the knee were replaced

describes a proce- dure in which only part of the knee is replaced

also known as a total hip arthroplasty, is performed to restore a damaged hip to full function

an alternative to removing the head of the femur (function is restored to the hip by placing a metal cap over the head of the femur to allow it to move smoothly over a metal lining in the acetabulum)

the replacement of a worn or failed implant

performed to treat a herniated intervertebral disk (in this procedure, a thin tube is inserted through the skin of the back to suction out the ruptured disk or to vaporize it with a laser)

performed to treat osteoporo- sis-related compression fractures (in this minimally invasive procedure, bone cement is injected to stabilize compression fractures within the spinal column)

the surgical removal of a lamina, or posterior portion, of a vertebra

a technique to immobilize part of the spine by joining together (fusing) two or more verte- brae (fusion means to join together)

the surgical removal of a portion of the skull (this procedure

is performed to treat craniostenosis or to relieve increased intracranial pressure due to swelling of the brain)

a surgical incision or opening into the skull (this procedure is performed to gain access to the brain to remove a tumor, to relieve intracranial pressure, or to obtain access for other surgical procedures)

the surgical repair of the skull

the surgical frac- ture of a bone to correct a deformity

the surgical removal of bone

the surgical repair of a bone or bones

the surgical su- turing, or wiring together, of bones

a surgical incision or sectioning of a bone

an incision through the periosteum to the bone

also known as manipulation, is the attempted realignment of the bone involved in a fracture or joint dislocation

also known as stabilization, is the act of holding, suturing, or fastening the bone in a fixed position with strapping or a cast

a pulling force exerted on a limb in a distal direction in an effort to return the bone or joint to normal alignment

a fracture treatment procedure in which pins are placed through the soft tissues and bone so that an external appliance can be used to hold the pieces of bone firmly in place during healing (when healing is complete, the appliance is removed)

also known as open reduction internal fixation (ORIF), is a fracture treatment in which a plate or pins are placed directly into the bone to hold the broken pieces in place (this form of fixation is not usually removed after the fracture has healed)