Chapter 4 Review Questions

Glycogen, Starch, Fiber

they provide few nutrients for the number of kcalories they contain; they have a low nutrient density

4 kcalories per gram

when the carbs aren't able to be broken down by human digestive enzymes in the stomach and small intestine they pass into the colon; indigestible carbohydrates benefit health by increasing the amount of water and bulk in

the intestine, stimulating gastrointestinal motility; promoting the growth of a healthy microflora; and slowing nutrient absorption.

each 6-carbon glucose molecule is broken into 2 3-carbon pyruvate molecules, producing ATP even when oxygen in unavailable.When oxygen is available, aerobic metabolism can proceed;

Pyruvate loses a carbon as carbon dioxide to form acetyl-CoA, which is then broken down by the citric acid cycle to form 2 carbon dioxide molecules. Electrons released at each step pass to the electron transport chain where their energy is used to generate ATP and water is formed.

1. Glycolysis splits glucose, a 6-carbon molecule, into two molecules of pyruvate, a 3-carbon molecule; high-energy electrons (e–) and a small amount of ATP produced; each pyruvate either breaks down to produce more ATP or used to make glucose via gluconeogenesis

2.oxygen is available, pyruvate used to produce more ATP by removing 1 carbon as CO2 from each= 2-C molecule that combines with A to form acetyl-CoA

Since adequate dietary carbohydrate eliminates the need to use amino acids from protein to synthesize glucose

provide energy to the body

by high blood glucose levels due to either a lack of insulin or an unresponsiveness or resistance to insulin; The elevated glucose causes damage to the large blood vessels, leading to an increased risk of heart disease and stroke. It also causes changes in small blood vessels and nerves

long-term complications of diabetes include damage to the heart, blood vessels, kidneys, eyes, and nerves

they are produced more rapidly than they can be used and thus accumulate in the blood. This elevation of ketones causes an increase in the acidity of the blood called ketoacidosis

they are good source of fiber, it adds bulk to the GI tract and causes you to feel full after consuming less. It may also slow the absorption of energy-yielding nutrients by decreasing transit time,adding bulk, and forming viscous solutions, all of which reduce contact between digestion products and the absorptive surface. Unrefined foods that are good sources of fiber also have a lower glycemic response and therefore cause less of a rise in insulin than refined carbohydrates

you can see if they are high in sugar or fiber by looking at the daily values and see if they fit into your diet 

they do help prevention from dental caries but some say they don't help with weight loss management