Chapter 4 Tissue: The Living Fabric

Epithelial: Covering

Connective: Support (bones tendons blood)

Muscle: movement (turn chemical energy into mechanical energy)

Nerve

sheets of cells lining a body surface or cavity

covering or lining epithelium, glandular epithelium

Protection: can form barriers (keep bacteria out)

Absorption: cells in small intestine where we absorb nurtients

Filtration: kidney

Secretion: glands in stomach

Excretion

Sensory Reception

Basil: into the basement membrane, anchor side

Apical: into the opening (lumen)

flattened pancake-like cell

good for diffusion

found where we have extensive risk of damage because they can be stacked

make up alveoli

cube with nucleus right in the center

multipurpose cell

kidney tubules, secretion

nucleus is on on end (basil side)

absorption , secretion

ex: mucous cells on single line of cells

many layers compacted on top of each other,

abrasions

outer layer of skin

goblet cell

lining of GI tract

single layer of cells reaching different heights

functions in secretion

in male sperm carrying ducts

lines the trachea

ciliated

moist layers of the esophagus

several cell layers

important where we find high abrasive areas

ex: gums, skin

stratified squamous and stratified cubodial

stretched readily and permits distenstion of urinary organ by contained urine ex: lines uterus, bladder, part of urethra

DUCTLESS glands

produce hormones secreted directly into the extracellular space

ex: insulin, endocrine system

secrete through DUCTS onto body surfaces or cavities

(mouth, gastrointestinal tract, ecoli)

single cells scattered in an epithelial sheeet with other cell types

NO ducts

includes goblet cells

produce mucin

associated with sinoke columnar oseudostratified epithelia

duct branches. splitting eithin duct regions

mammary glands, salivary glands

secreted by exocytosis

pancreas, sweat, salivary glands

products secrets by the rupture (when fills with oil) of gland cells all contents go onto the skin including organelles

(called puking)

found everywhere in the body

some have blood supply, some don't

widely distributed

abundant of primary tissues

binding

support

protection

insulation

transportation of substances or heat within body (nutrients, energy, blood)

common origin: mesenchume

degrees of vascularity (lacks uniformity)

***Extracellular matrix majority is non-cellular***

ground substance

fibers

cells: do not make up majority of connective tissue

unstructures material filling space between the cells

clear filling that comes out when you get a paper cut

connects tissue cells to matrix elements

laminin and fibronectin (specific proteins)

have protein core that glycoaminoglycans attach (GAG)

draw water to wherever they are loacted`

intertwine and trap H20

regulate ground substance viscosity

between cells

polar

fibrous collagen protein

makes up tendons, ligaments

secreted into extracellular space

secreted spontanwously assembles into cross linked fibers

high tensile strength

achilles tendon

elastin protein (with some collagen)

stretch and recoil

never found by itself

found where elasticity is needed

earlobe, lungs, skin, blood vessels

delicate networks

fine collagenous fibers

basement membrane

support soft tissue around organs

ex: spleen

actively secreting in mitosis and dividnig making more of themselves

loose and dense connective tissue

cartilage

hyaline cartilage

fibrocartilage, elastic

Osseous (bone)

compact

soggy

mast cells

fat cells

WBC

sensitive to foreign agents in the body

cluster along blood vessels

contains secretory granules filled with chemicals that mediate inflammation

large cells which engulf bacteria by phagocytosis

may be attached to connective tissue fibers ir free in matrix

specific function in certain tissues

spleen, RBC

gel like matrix with all 3 fiber types

cells: fibroblast, mast cells, macrophages

areolar

drains fluid out of cell when getting rid of wate products

fluids move freely-edema during injury

hyakuronic acid content created viscosity

contains fat cells

energy storage

comes out solid white

large vacuoles contain all triglycerides

local fat depots( heart muscl

insulation, padding, supports and protects organs

under skin in genitals, kidneys, eyeballs

bad fat: around stomach

brown has a lot of mitochondria, they don't make ATP, produce heat instead

contribute to shivering

ex: animals who hibernate have a lot of this

Stroma

in spleen, other organs

network of reticular fibers in a typical loose ground substance, reticular cells lie on the network

full of fibers

connective tissue that needs to withstand a little more force

tendons: muscle to bone

ligaments: bone to bone

ligaments contain more elastin making them a little more stretchy

Fascia

made up of dense regular connective tissue

sheet that covers

a lot of collagent fibers

don't all run in the same direction

disorganized network

form different tissues

can withstand more pulling (tension) in many directions

ex: dermis of skin

very abundant with elastic fibers in it

allows recoil of tissue following stretching

tissues we need to expand and contract

lung, blood vessels, heart

intermediate qualities to bone and dense connective tissue

stronger than ligaments and tendons

avascular (not a large blood supply)

lacks nerve fibers

ground substance can withstand tension and compression

GAG

lacunae

chondroblast which secreted matrix

most abundant type

amorphous (thick) firm matrix

reitred chondroblasts in lacunae

in noses, trachea, larynx

more visible elastic fibers in it

maintains shapr of structure but allows felxibilty

ex: external ear, epiglottis

strong type but in specific areas

tensile strngth with the ability to absorb compressive shock

hard calcified matrix

calcified salts come in and more that come in the stronger the bone gets

supports and protects

provides layers for muscles to act on

marrow inside is the site for cell formation(hematopoiesis)

develops from mesenchyme

blood cells surrounded by a fluid matrix-plasma

blood fibers (proteins) only visible during clotting

contained within blood vessels

RBC: small, smooth, no visible nucleus

continuous milticellular sheet composed of at least 2 primary types

Cutaneous Membrane

Mucous Membrane

Serous Membranes

the skin

epidermis: keratinized stratified squamous epithilium

dermis: areolar and dense irregular connective tissue

digestive, respiratory, urogenitital organ (surface open to exterior)

absorption or secretion

wet/moist: due to secretions or urine

stratified squamous or simple columnar cells

loose connective tissue: lamina propria

found on closed ventral body cavities

pericardium

moist

comple squamous on loose areolar connective tissue

enrich capillary fluid with hyaluronic acid

Inflammation

Regeneration

Fibrosis

innate, non specific response to tissue injusy

chempattractants

injured cells

macrophages

mast cells clotting proteins

increase fluid leakage

seal off wound

fluid sccumulation (swelling and edema)

granulation tissue formed

capillaries form

collagen fibers bridge gap

pacrophages phagocytize debris

regeneration of epithelial cells

epithelium

macrophages

scar

contunued regeneration