Chapter 4

Psychology 509 with Dykman at University of Wisconsin - Madison

About this deck

By: Christine Cheung
Textbook:

Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology & CD-ROM
Created: 2010-10-08
Size: 130 flashcards
Views: 68

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family pedigree studies

researchers use these to determine how many and which relatives of a person with a disorder have the same disorder

Percentage of relatives of people with Gen. Anxiety disorder?

15%; which is more than the prevalence rate of the general population

Has research shown that gen. anxiety disorder is related to biological factors?

yes; closer the relative, greater the risk found in family pedigree studies; benzodiazepines

benzodiazepines (names)

alprazolam (xanax); lorazepam (Ativan); diazepam (Valium); provide relief from symptoms of gen. anxiety disorder

how do benzodiazepines work

bind to receptors that also bind GABA

GABA

gamma-amino butyric acid; inhibitory neurotransmitter

model of fear generation

rapid firing of neurons that activates other neurons; continue to fire until a feedback system kicks in; GABA released and binds neurons; excitability ceases

experiment- reduced binding ability of GABA to receptors

increase of anxiety in animal subjects; no causal proof

leading biological treatment for gen. anxiety disorder

drug therapy; other techniques are relaxation training and biofeedback

sedative-hypnotic drugs

drugs that calm people in low doses and help them fall asleep at higher doses; ex. benzodiazepines and barbiturates

old classification for benzodiazepines? now?

at first sedative-hypnotic, antianxiety

how do benzodiazepines work at a molecular level

bind to GABA receptors (particularly GABA-A) and increase the affinity for GABA

disadvantages of benzodiazepines?

only temporary effects, if you remove the patient from the drug the symptoms return just as strong as before; risk of dependence; side effects (drowsiness, lack of coordination, memory loss, depression, aggressive behavior); can't mix with other drugs

can only antianxiety meds be described for gen. anxiety disorder?

nope; more clinicians are prescribing antidepressants

relaxation training

physical relaxation can lead to mental relaxation; therefore focus on relaxing muscles; modest effectiveness; meditation works too; most effective in combination with cognitive therapy or biofeedback

biofeedback

electrical signals from the body are used to train people to control physiological processes such as heart rate and muscle tension

electromyograph

used in biofeedback; provides feedback about the level of muscular tension in the body; only modest effectiveness

phobia

persistent unreasonable fear of a particular object. activity, or situation; people can usually remain comfortable as long as they avoid it

when does fear become a phobia according to the DSM

intense, persistent, and desire to avoid, interferes with life

specific phobia

persistent fear of a specific object or situation; most common are animals or insects, heights, enclosed spaces, thunderstorms, and blood

prevalence of specific phobia

9% of people in the US every year show symptoms

lifetime prevalence of specific phobia

12%; many with more than one

men v. women with specific phobia

women outnumber 2:1

DSM for specific phobia (5)

1. marked and persistent fear of a specific object or situation that is excessive or unreasonable, lasting at least 6 months; 2. immediate anxiety usually produced by exposure to the object; 3. recognition that the fear is excessive or unreasonable; 4. avoidance of the feared situation; 5. significant distress or impairment

social phobia

severe, persistent and irrational fears of social or performancec situations in which embarrassment may occur

classifications of social phobia?

narrow (more specific) or broad (e.g. general functioning in front of others)

prevalence of social phobia

7.1 % of people in the US and western countries

women v. men for social phobia

women outnumber men 3:2

lifetime prevalence of social phobia

12%

taijn kyofusho

culture-bound disorder in Asian countries; fear of making others uncomfortable or of being judged negatively

DSM for social phobia (5)

1. marked and persistent fear of social or performance situations involving exposure to unfamiliar people or possible scrutiny by others, lasting at least 6 months, concern about humiliating oneself; 2. anxiety usuall produced by exposure to the social situation; 3. recognition that the fear is excessive or unreasonable; 4. avoidance of feared situations; 5. significant distress or impairment

cause of phobia

first by conditioning to acquire the fear; then avoidance allows it to become more entrenched (e.g. classical conditioning, modeling)

stimulus generalization

responses to one stimulus are also elicited by similar stimuli; may the the cause of generalized anxiety disorder developing from a specific phobia

Rosalie Rayner and John B. Watson experiment

taught baby boy albert to fear white rats

Albert Bandura and Theadore Rosenthal experiment

observe person being shocked by electricity whenever a buzzer sounded; fear reaction when a buzzer was heard

fear

reaction to threats to your well-being

occurrence of more than one anxiety disorder

19% have one; 26% have 2+ independent anxiety disorders; 55% have 2+ related anxiety disorders

anxiety

vague sense of feeling in danger; same symptoms as fear

msot common type of mental disorder in the US?

anxiety disorders

prevalence of anxiety disorders in the US?

18%

lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorders?

29%

do many people with anxiety disorders seek treatment?

no; only 1/5

generalized anxiety disorder

experience excessive anxiety under most circumstances and worry about practically anything; free-floating anxiety

symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder

sleep problems; difficulty concentrating, muscle tension, difficulty with relationships or jobs

prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder

3% of people in the US per year

what age does generalized anxiety disorder appear?

any age, but usually childhood or adolescence

women v. men for generalized anxiety disorder

women outnumber men 2:1

DSM for generalized anxiety disorder (4)

1. excessive or ongoing anxiety and worry, for at least 6 months, about numerous events or activities; 2. difficulty controlling the worry; 3. at least three of the following symptoms- restlessness, easy fatigue, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbance; 4. significant distress or impairment

sociocultural etiology for generalized anxiety disorder

develops in people who are faced with ongoing societal conditions that are dangerous (e.g. near locations of disastrous events, poverty, high crime rates)

nervios

culture-bound disorder of hispanics that bears great similarity to generalized anxiety disorder

realistic anxiety

postulated by Freud; facing actual danger

neurotic anxiety

postulated by Freud; repeatedly prevented from expressing their id impulses

moral anxiety

postulated by Freud; punished or threatened for expressing their id impulses; may lead to generalized anxiety disorder if you do not have adequate defense mechanisms

generalized anxiety disorder from psychodynamic perspective

traced to inadequacies in the early relationships between children and their parents

psychodynamic therapies for generilized anxiety disorder

free association; transference; resistance; dreams; with the goal of either accepting id impulses or of repairing parent-child relationship; only modestly helpful

generalized anxiety disorder for humanistic perspective

people stop looking at themselves honestly and acceptingly; repeatedly deny true thoughts, emotions and behavior

humanistic therapies for generalized anxiety disorder

Roger's client-centered therapy; modest improvement

cognitive model for generalized anxiety disorder

dysfunctional ways of thinking; maladaptive assupmtions (i.e. Ellis's basic irrational assumptions or Beck's silent assumptions)

basic irrational assumptions

postulated by ellis; irrational beliefs that people to act and react in inappropriate ways

silent assumptions

postulated by beck; (i.e. unsafe until proven safe) imply that a person is always in danger

new wave cognitive explanations for generalized anxiety disorder

builds on ellis and beck; metacognitive theory, intolerance of uncertainty theory; avoidance theory

metacognitive theory

postulated by adrian wells; people with gen anxiety disorder hold implicit positive and negative beliefs about worrying, therefore they look for and examine all situations for signs and danger, but then start to think that their constant worrying is bad (metaworries)

metaworries

worry about their constant worrying

intolerance of uncertainty theory

certain individuals believe that any possibility of a negative event occurring is likely to happen

avoidance theory

postulated by Thomas Borkovec; greater bodily arousal, worrying serves to reduce this arousal to avoid uncomfortable states of bodily arousal

cognitive therapies for generalized anxiety disorder

rational emotive therapy and new wave therapy

rational emotive therapy for generalized anxiety disorder

(ellis)- point out irrational assumptions, suggest more appropriate, assign practice, modestly helpful;

new wave therapy for generalized anxiety disorder

educate clients about the disorder, observe bodily arousal and cognitive responses; helpful

mindfulness-based cognitive therapy

Steven Hayes; (part of acceptance and commitment therapy); help patients become aware of their streams of thoughts and learn to accept them v. eliminate them; very helpful for gen anxiety, personality disorders, PTSD, substance abuse, depression

Preparedness

predisposition to certain phobias, transmitted genetically through evolution

Percentage of people with phobias that are currently getting treated?

19% with specific and 25% with social

Most widely used technique for phobias?

behavioral

exposure treatments for phobias?

individual is exposed to the object or situation that is feared; desensitization, modeling, flooding

systematic desensitization

Joseph Wolpe; for phobias; learn to relax while gradually being exposed to the object; first relaxation training; fear heirarchy; either in vivo or covert (imagined)

flooding

for phobias; repeatedly expose to fear and overtime they learn that it will not harm them; no relaxation; either in vivo or covert

modeling

for phobias; the therapist confronts the feared object and the patient observes; participant modeling- the client is actively encouraged to join in with the therapist

virtual reality treatments for phobias

3D computer graphics that stimulate real-world objects and situations; useful exposure tool

Unique treatments of social phobias (v. specific phobias)?

social skills training; medications (antidepressants more popular than antianxiety) although psychotherapy reduced risk of relapse in comparison to meds; cognitive therapies (often combined with behavioral techniques; like ellis's RET)

social skills training

for social phobia; combination of behavioral techniques to help improve social skills (i.e. model, role-play, rehearse, feedback, reinforce) also in the setting of social skills training groups and assertiveness training groups

DSM for panic disorder (2)

1. recurrent unexpected panic attacks; 2. a moth or more of one of the following after at least one of the attacks A) persistent concern about having additional attacks B) worry about the implications or consequences of the attack C) significant change in behavior related to the attacks

panic attacks

periodic, short bouts of panic that occur suddenly, peak within 10 minutes, and gradually pass; symptoms- palpitations, tingling in hands and feet, shortness of breath, sweating, hot and cold flashes, trembling, chest pains, choking sensations, faintness, dizziness, feeling of unreality

lifetime prevalence of panic attacks

1/4 people

agoraphobia

individuals are afraid to leave the house and travel to puclib places or other locations where escape might be difficult or help unavailable should panic symptoms develop; distinguished in DSM diagnosing (with or without agoraphobia)

prevalence of panic disorder

2.8% per year in the US

when does panic disorder emerge?

usually late adolescence or early adulthood

women v. men for panic disorder

women outnumber men 2:1

those diagnosed with panic disorder and receiving treatment

35%

Biological perspective for panic disorder

clue from antidepressants that act on norepinephrine

Locus ceruleus? significance to panic disorder?

rich in norepinephrine neurons; initially indicated in the cause for panic attacks; supported by monkey and human studies

brain circuit for panic attacks

amygdala (emotional info, triggers other regions), ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus, central grey matter, and locus ceruleus

is the brain circuit responsible for anxiety the same as that for panic?

nope; anxiety involves the amygdala (similar) and the PFC and ACC (different)

twin studies for panic disorder

if one twin has it, the other does in 31% for identical twins, for fraternal twins the rate is only 11%

drug therapies for panic disorder

antideperessants, benzodiazepines (not as popular)

cognitive perspective for panic disorder

help misinterpretations of bodily sensations (increased CO2 in b lood, shifts in blood pressure, rises in heart rate); education patients, teach them to apply more accurate interpretations during situations, maybe relaxing/breathing techniques, practice with biological challenge procedures, pretty affective treatment

biological challenge tests

produce hyperventilation or other biological sensations by administering drugs or by instructing participants to breath, exercise or simply think in certain ways; those with panic disorder experience greater upset during these tests than normal participants

anxiety sensitivity

people with panic disorder have increased; they focus on bodily snesations much of the time, are unable to assess them logically, and interpret them as potentially harmful

obsessions

persistent thoughts, ideas, impulses, or images that seem to invade a person's consciousness

compulsions

repetitive and rigid behaviors or mental acts that people feel are necessary in order to prevent or reduce anxiety

Obsessive compulsive disorder for the DSM (3)

1. recurrent obsessions or compulsions; 2. past or present recognition that the obsessions or compulsions are excessive and unreasonable; 3. significant distress or impairment or disruption by symptoms for more than one hour a day

women v. men for OCD

equal

people with OCD seek treatment?

40%

characteristics of obsessions?

intrusive and foreign, attempt to ignore or resist which may result in more anxiety, wishes/ideas/impulses/doubts/images

most common theme of OCD obsessions

dirt or contamination, also violence, aggression, orderliness, religion, sexuality

rituals

development of compulsions, rules, must be completed in the same way

common compulsions

cleaning, checking, order/balance, touching, verbal, counting

do you have to have both obsessions and compulsions to be diagnosed with OCD?

no, but common

psychodynamic model for OCD

individuals come to fear id impulses (anxiety-provoking); use ego defense mechanisms to lessen anxiety... this is NOT unconscious in OCDl traced to anal stage of development; no support

ego defense mechanisms common to OCD

isolation- disown their unwanted thoughts and experience them as foreign intrusions; undoing- acts that are meant to cancel our their undesirable impulses; reaction formation- take on a lifestyle that directly opposes their unacceptable impulses

psychodynamic therapies for OCD

free association, therapist interpretation to uncover id impulses and overcome conflicts

behavioral perspective for OCD

focus more on compulsions than obsessions, compulsions spontaneously occur and when they work it reinforces the behavior,

who found that compulsions actually reduce anxiety

Stanley Rachman

exposure and response prevention

behavioral treatment for OCD; Victor Meyer; clients are repeatedly exposed to objects or situations that produce anxiety, obsessive fears, and compulsive behaviors, but they are told to resist performing the behaviors they feel bound to perform, very effective, lasting effects

self-help procedures for OCD

homework assigned for exposure and response prevention

cognitive perspective for OCD

unwanted thoughts, try to neutralize, reinforced when it works to reduce anxiety, neutralizing acts plus initial worries develop obsessions and compulsions

neutralizing for OCD

thinking or behaving in ways meant to put matters right or to make amends

characteristics of OCD individuals that predispose them to obsessions/compulsions?

more depressed, high standards of morality and conduct, believe their intrusive thoughts are equivalent to actions capable of causing harm, generally believe that they should have perfect control over all of their thoughts and behaviors

cognitive therapy for OCD

teach clients about maladaptive thoughts, identify/challenge/change; often combined with behavior therapies (i.e. exposure treatments)

biological perspective for OCD

null

biological findings that hint to physiological cause for OCD

1. abnormally low serotonin; 2. abnormal functioning in key regions of the brain; also indications for glutamate, GABA, dopamine

antidepressant drugs used in treatment of OCD

clomiprammine (anafranil) and fluoxetine (prozac); increase serotonin activity

brain circuitry for OCD

OFC (impulses generated; more active), caudate nuclei (basal ganglia; filter impulses; more active); conversion of sensory info into thoughts or actions, thalamus; cingulate cortex, amygdala

cognitive therapy for OCD

drugs (fairly effective), cut in half within 8 weeks, do not completely disappear; high relapse rate if drugs stopped

best type of therapy for OCD

combination, biological, behavioral, cognitive

diathesis-stress view of generalized anxiety disorder

certain individuals have a biological vulnerability toward developing the disorder, psychological and sociocultural factors bring it to the surface

diathesis stress view of phobias

certain people born with a style of social inhibition or shyness that may increase their risk of developing social phobia (may be necessary to have a genetic predisposition and an environmental conditioning experience to develop)

stress management program

treatment for generalized anxiety disorder; combines cognitive techniques with relaxation training or biofeedback

About this deck

By: Christine Cheung
Textbook:

Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology

Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology & CD-ROM
Created: 2010-10-08
Size: 130 flashcards
Views: 68

About StudyBlue

“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj