Chapter 4
Psychology 3310 with Tran at East Carolina University
About this deck
By: April Dittmann
Created: 2011-07-08
Size: 98 flashcards
Views: 2
Created: 2011-07-08
Size: 98 flashcards
Views: 2
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Psychopharmacology
The study of the effects of drugs on the nervous system and on behavior
Drug effect
The changes a drug produces in an animal's physiological processes and behavior
Sites of action
The location at which molecules of drugs interact with molecules located on or in cells of the body, thus affecting some biochemical processes of these cells
Pharmacokinetics
The process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the body, metabolized, and excreted
Intravenous (IV) injection
Injection of a substance directly into a vein
Intraperitoneal (IP) injection
Injection of a substance into the peritoneal cavity
Peritoneal cavity
The space that surrounds the stomach, intestines, liver, and other abdominal organs
Intramuscular (IM) injection
Injection of a substance into a muscle
Subcutaneous (SC) injection
Injection of a substance into the space beneath the skin
Oral administration
Administration of a substance into the mouth so that it is swallowed
Sublingual administration
Administration of a substance by placing it beneath the tongue
Intrarectal administration
Administration of a substance into the rectum
Inhalation
Administration of a vaporous substance into the lungs
Topical administration
Administration of a substance directly onto the skin or mucous membrane
Intracerebral administration
Administration of a substance directly into the brain
Intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration
Administration of a substance into one of the cerebral ventricles
Depot binding
Binding of a drug with various tissues of the body or with proteins in the blood
Albumin
A protein found in the blood
- Serves to transport free fatty acids and can bind with some lipid-soluble drugs
- Serves to transport free fatty acids and can bind with some lipid-soluble drugs
Dose-response curve
A graph of the magnitude of an effect of a drug as a function of the amount of drug is administered
Therapeutic index
The ratio between the dose that produces the desired effect in 50% of the animals and the dose that produces toxic effects in 50% of the animals
Affinity
The readiness with which 2 molecules join together
Tolerance
A decrease in the effectiveness of a drug that is administered repeatedly
Sensitization
An increase in the effectiveness of a drug that is administered repeatedly
Withdrawal symptom
The appearance of symptoms opposite to those produced by a drug when the drug is administered repeatedly and then suddenly no longer taken
Placebo
An inert substance that is given to an organism in lieu of a physiologically active drug
- Used experimentally to control for the effects of mere administration of a drug
- Used experimentally to control for the effects of mere administration of a drug
Antagonist
A drug that opposes or inhibits the effects of a particular neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic cell
Agonist
A drug that facilitates the effects of a particular neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic cell
Direct agonist
A drug that binds with and activates a receptor
Receptor blocker (Direct antagonist)
A drug that binds with a receptor but does not activate it
- Prevents the natural ligand from binding with the receptor
- Prevents the natural ligand from binding with the receptor
Noncompetitive binding
Binding of a drug to a site on a receptor
- Does not interfere with the binding site for the principle ligand
- Does not interfere with the binding site for the principle ligand
Indirect antagonist
A drug that attaches to a binding site on a receptor and interferes with the action of the receptor
- Does not interfere with the binding site for the principle ligand
- Does not interfere with the binding site for the principle ligand
Indirect agonist
A drug attaches to a binding site on a receptor and facilitates the action of the receptor
- Does not interfere with the binding site for the principle ligand
- Does not interfere with the binding site for the principle ligand
Presynaptic heteroreceptor
A receptor located in the membrane of a terminal button that receives input from another terminal button by means of an axoaxonic synapse
- Binds with the neurotransmitter released by the presynaptic terminal button
- Binds with the neurotransmitter released by the presynaptic terminal button
Acetyl-CoA
Cofactor that supplies acetate for the synthesis of acetylcholine
Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)
The enzyme that transfers the acetate ion from acetyl coenzyme A to choline, producing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
Botulinum toxin
An acetylcholine antagonist
- Prevents release by terminal buttons
- Prevents release by terminal buttons
Black widow spider venom
A poison produced by the black widow spider that triggers the release of acetylcholine
Hemicholinium
A drug that inhibits the uptake of choline
Neostigmine
A drug that inhibits the activity of acetylcholinesterase
Nicitinic receptor
An ionotropic acetylcholine receptor that is stimulated by nicotine and blocked by curare
Muxcarinic receptor
A metabotropic acetylcholine receptor that is stimulated by muscarine and blocked by atropine
Atropine
Drug that blocks muscarinic acetylcholine receptors
Curare
Drug that blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
Monoamine
Class of amines that includes indolamines (such as serotonin) and catecholamines (such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine)
Catecholamine
Class of amines that includes the neurotransmitter dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine
Dopamine (DA)
A neurotransmitter
One of the catecholamines
One of the catecholamines
L-DOPA
The levorotatory form of DOPA
- The precursor of the catecholamines
- Often used to treat Parkinson's disease because of its effect as a dopamine agonist
- The precursor of the catecholamines
- Often used to treat Parkinson's disease because of its effect as a dopamine agonist
Nigrostriatal system
System of neurons originating in the substantia nigra and terminating in the neostriatum (caudate nucleus and putamen)
Mesolimbic system
System of dopaminergic neurons originating in the ventral tegmental area and terminating in the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and hippocampus
Mesocortical system
System of dopaminergic neurons originating in the tegmental area and terminating in the prefrontal cortex
Parkinson's disease
A neurological disease characterized by tremors, rigidity of the limbs, poor balance, and difficulty in initiating movements
- Caused by degeneration of the nigrostriatal system
- Caused by degeneration of the nigrostriatal system
AMPT
A drug that blocks the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase and thus interferes with the synthesis of the catecholamines
Reserpine
A drug that interferes with the storage of monoamines in synaptic vesicles
Apomorphone
A drug that blocks dopamine autoreceptors at low doses
- Blocks postsynaptic receptors as well
- Blocks postsynaptic receptors as well
Methylphenidate
A drug that inhibits that reuptake of dopamine
Monoamine oxidase (MAO)
Class of enzymes that destroy the monoamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin)
Deprenyl
A drug that blocks the activity of MAO-B
- Acts as a dopamine agonist
- Acts as a dopamine agonist
Chlorpromazine
Drug that reduces the symptoms of schizophrenia by blocking dopamine D2 receptors
Norepinephrine
A neurotransmitter found in the brain and in the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
Epinephrine
Hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla
- Serves also as a neurotransmitter in the brain
- Serves also as a neurotransmitter in the brain
Fusaric acid
Drug that inhibits the activity of the enzyme dopamine-B-hydroxylase and thus blocks the production of norepinephrine
Moclobemide
A drug that blocks the activity of MAO-A
- Acts as a noradrenergic agonist
- Acts as a noradrenergic agonist
Locus coeruleus
Dark-colored group of noradrenergic cell bodies located in the pons near the rostral end of the floor of the fourth ventricle
Axonal varicosity
An enlarged region along the length of an exon that contains synaptic vesicles and releases a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator
Idazoxan
Drug that blocks presynaptic noradrenergic a2 receptors and hence acts as an agonist, facilitating the synthesis and release of NE
Serotonin (5-HT)
An indolamine neurotransmitter
PCPA
Drug that inhibits the activity of tryptophan hydroxylase and thus interferes with the synthesis of 5-HT
Fluoxetine
Drug that inhibits the reuptake of 5-HT
Fenfluramine
Drug that stimulates the release of 5-HT
LSD
Drug that stimulates 5-HT2A
MDMA
Drug that serves as a noradrenergic and serotonergic agonist
- AKA Ecstasy
- Excitatory and hallucinogenic effects
- AKA Ecstasy
- Excitatory and hallucinogenic effects
Glutamate
Amino acid
- Most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain
- Most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain
NMDA receptor
Specialized ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a calcium channel that is normally blocked by Mg2+ ions
- Has several other binding sites
- Has several other binding sites
AMPA receptor
An ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a sodium channel
- Stimulated by AMPA
- Stimulated by AMPA
Kainate receptor
An ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a sodium channel
- Stimulated by kainic acid
- Stimulated by kainic acid
Metabotropic glutamate receptor
A category of metabotropic receptors that are sensitive to glutamate
AP5 (2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate)
Drug that blocks the glutamate binding site on NMDA receptors
PCP
Drug that binds with the PCP binding site of the NMDA receptor and serves as an indirect antagonist
- Phencyclidine
- Phencyclidine
GABA
An amino acid
- The most important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain
- The most important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain
Allylglycine
Drug that inhibits the activity of GAD and thus blocks the synthesis of GABA
Muscimol
A direct agonist for the GABA binding site
Bicuculline
Direct antagonist for the GABA binding site
Benzodiazepine
A category of anxiolytic drugs
- Indirect agonist for GABA receptor
- Indirect agonist for GABA receptor
Anxiolytic
Anxiety reducing effect
Glycine
Amino acid
- Important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the lower brain stem and spinal cord
- Important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the lower brain stem and spinal cord
Stychnine
Direct antagonist for the glycine receptor
Endogenous opioid
Class of peptides secreted by the brain that act as opiates
- Enkephalin
- Enkephalin
Naloxone
Drug that blocks opiate receptors
Endocannabinoid
An endogenous ligand for cannabinoid receptors, which also bind woth THC, the active ingredient in pot
- Lipid
- Lipid
THC
Active ingredient in pot
- Activates CB1 receptors in the brain
- Activates CB1 receptors in the brain
Anandamide
The first cannabinoid to be discovered and probably the most important one
FAAH
Fatty acid amide hydrolase, the enzyme that destroys anandamide after it is brought back into the cell by ananadamide transporters
Rimonabant
Drug that blocks CB1 receptors
MAFP
Drug that inhibits FAAH
- Prevents the breakdown of anandamide
- Prevents the breakdown of anandamide
AM1172
Drug that inhibits the reuptake of anandamide
Adenosine
Combination of ribose and adenine
- Serves as a neuromodulator in the brain
- Nucleotide
- Serves as a neuromodulator in the brain
- Nucleotide
Caffeine
Drug that blocks adenosine receptors
Nitric oxide (NO)
Gas produced by cells in the nervous system
- Used as a means of communication between cells
- Used as a means of communication between cells
About this deck
By: April Dittmann
Created: 2011-07-08
Size: 98 flashcards
Views: 2
Created: 2011-07-08
Size: 98 flashcards
Views: 2
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj
Naj