Chapter 5 - Development and Plasticity of the Brain
Psychology 2012 with Patterson at University of Colorado Boulder
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profileration
the production of new cells/neurons in the brain primarily occurring early in life
migration
movement of the newly formed neurons and glia to their eventual locations. migration occurs via cells following chemical paths in the brain of immunoglobins and chemokines
differentiation
forming of the axon and dendrite that gives the neuron its distinctive shape. the axon grows 1st either during migration or once it has reached its target and is followed by the development of dendrites
synaptogenesis
final stage of neural development and refers to the formation of the synapses between neurons
synaptic pruning
reducing the number of functional synapses. occurs throughout the life as neurons are constantly forming new connections and discarding old ones
neural darwinism
the idea of the selection process of neural connections. in this competition amongst synaptic connections, we initially form more connections than we need. the most successful axon connections and combinations survive while others fail to sustain active synapses
neurotrophin
chemical that promotes the survival and activity of neurons
apoptosis
developmental program by which a neuron kills itself at a certain age unless inhibited from doing so
nerve growth factor (NGF)
type of neurotrophin released by muscles that promotes the survival and growth of axons
brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
helps support the survival and existing neurons, and encourage the growth and differentiation of new neurons and synapses
fetal alcohol syndrome
condition that children are born w/ if the mother drinks heavily during pregnancy. hyperactivity, impulsiveness, difficulty maintaining attention, varying degrees of mental retardation, motor problems and heart defects, facial abnormalities
focal hand dystonia ("musicians cramp")
condition where the reorganization of the brain goes too far. this condition is a result of extensive reorganization of the sensory thalamus and cortex so that touch responses to one finger overlap those of another
stem cells
undifferentiated cells found in the interior of the brain that generate "daughter cells" which can transform into glia or neurons
closed head injury
trauma that occurs when a sharp blow to the head drives the brain tissue against the inside wall of the skull
stroke
temporary loss of blood flow to the brain
ischemia
most common type of stroke, resulting from a blood clot or blocking of an artery. neurons lose their oxygen and glucose supply
hemorrhage
less frequent type of stroke resulting from a ruptured artery. neurons are flooded w/ excess blood, calcium, oxygen and other chemicals
Edema
the accumulation of fluid in the brain resulting in increased pressure on the brain
tissue plaminogen activator (tPA)
drug that breaks up blood clots and can reduce the effects of an ischemic strokes
penumbra
area of endangered cells surrounding an area of primary damage
diaschisis
decreased activity of surviving neurons after damage to other neurons
collateral sprouts
new branches formed by other non-damaged axons that attach to vacant receptors
denervation supersensitivity
the heightened sensitivity to a NT after the destruction of an incoming axon
disuse supersensitivity
the hypersensitivity to a NT after a result of inactivity by an incoming axon
phantom limb
continuation of sensation of an amputated body part and reflects this process
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