Chapter 5

Psychology 201 with Vandevelde at Grand Rapids Community College

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By: Jeannette Lovell
Created: 2011-10-30
Size: 45 flashcards
Views: 3

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Neutral Stimulus

Has no effect on the desired response

Unconditioned Response

Reflex response to the unconditioned stimulus

Unconditioned Stimulus

Original, naturally occurring stimulus

Classical Conditioning

Learning to make an involuntary (reflex) response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex

Secondary Reinforcement

Reinforcing via pairing with a primary reinforcer

(Money, praise, medal)

Fixed Interval Schedule of Reinforcement

Schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same

(Receive paycheck every week)

Continuous Reinforcement

A reinforcer for each and every correct response

Partial Reinforcement Effect

A response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses, will be more resistant to extinction than a response that receives continuous reinforcement

Negative Reinforcement

Removal, escape, or avoidance of an adversive stimulus

(studying to avoid failing)

Unpleasant thing taken away

Positive Reinforcement

Addition of a pleasurable stimulus

(Reward, pat on the back)

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)

Modern term for a form of functional analysis and behavior modification that uses a variety of behavioral techniques to mold a desired behavior or response

Token Economy

Type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens

Behavior Modification

The use of Operant Conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior

Instinctive Drift

Tendency for an animal's behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns

Successive Approximation

Small steps in behavior, one after the other, that lead to a particular goal or behavior

Shaping

The reinforcement of simple steps in behavior that lead to a desired, more complex behavior

Descriptive Stimulus

Any stimulus that provides an organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement

(stop sign, door knob)

To Make Punishment More Effective

1. Should immediately follow the behavior it's meant to punish

2. Should be consistent

3. Punishment of the wrong behavior should be paired, whenever possible, with reinforcement of the right behavior

Punishment by Removal

The punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus

(Grounding, Time Out)

Positive is taken away

Punishment by Application

The punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus

Punishment

Any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again

Opposite of reinforcement

Variable Ratio Schedule of Reinforcement

Schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event

(Slot machine)

Fixed Ratio Schedule of Reinforcement

Schedule of Reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same

(Punch Cards)

Variable Interval Schedule of Reinforcement

Schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event

(pop quiz, fishing)

Conditioned Emotional Response

Emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli

(Little Albert)

Spontaneous Recovery

The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occured

Extinction

Disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus or the removal of a reinforcer

Stimulus Discrimination

Tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus

Stimulus Generalization

Tendency to respond to stimulus taht is only similar to the original cocnditioned stimulus with the conditioned response

(Common with PTSD)

Pavlov

Originally studied the digestive system in dogs;

Came up with the basic principals of Classical Conditioning

Conditioned Response

Learned Reflex response to a ocnditioned stimulus

Conditioned Stimulus

Stimulus that is able to produce a learned reflex response being paired with the original, unconditioned response

Operant Conditioning

Voluntary Behavior learned through consequences

Primary Reinforcement

Meeting a basic biological need

(Food, Liquid, touch)

Reinforcement

Any event or stimulus, that when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again

What happens after the response decides whether it will be strengthened

Operant

Any behavior that is voluntary

Thorndike's Law of Effect

Responses followed by pleasurable consequences are repeated

Learning

Any relative permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice

Insight

The sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a problem, allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly

Latent Learning

Coined by Tolman; Learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful

Neurofeedback

Form of biofeedback using brain-scanning devices to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior

Biofeedback

Using feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses - blood pressure, relaxation - under voluntary control

Learned Helplessness

Coined by Seligman; The tendency to fial to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past

Four Elements of Observational Learning

Attention, Memory, Imitation, Motivation

Observational Learning

Learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior

About this deck

By: Jeannette Lovell
Created: 2011-10-30
Size: 45 flashcards
Views: 3

About StudyBlue

“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis