Chapter 50: Circulatory System (2)
Biology 1106 with Simmons at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
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autorhythmic fibers
The heart contains "self-excitable" __ __
right, pacemaker, autonomic nervous
the sinoatrial (SA) node in located in the __ atrium, acts as a __, and the __ __ system can modulate the rate
the left atrium, right atrium and AV node
each SA depolarization is transmitted to what 3 places?
conduction, ventricles, purkinje
AV node is the only pathway for __ to __. It contains __ fibers
electrocardiogram, atria, ventricular
electrical activity can be recorded on an ____
- the first peak is produced by depolarization of __
- Second, larger peak is produced by __ depolarization
- last, repolarization of ventricles.
pulmonary arteries
Right and Left __ __ deliver oxygen-depleted blood from the right ventricle to the right and left lungs
Pulmonary veins
__ __ return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
systemic
the aorta and all of its branches are __ arteries, carrying oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to all parts of the body
coronary
__ arteries supply oxygenated blood to the heart mucle
right, superior, inferior
blood from the body drains into the __ atrium
- __ vena cava drains the upper body
- __ vena cava drains the lower body
sphygomomanometer
arterial blood pressure can be measured with a __
systolic
__ pressure is the peak pressure at which ventricles are contracting
diastolic
__ pressure is the minimum pressure between heartbeats at which the ventricles are relaxed
systolic over diastolic
blood pressure is a ratio of __ pressure over __ pressure
arteries
blood leaves the heart through the __
arterioles
__ are the finest, microscopic branches of the arterial tree
capillaries, venules, veins
blood from arterioles enters __. It is then collected into __, which lead to larger vessels called __, which carry blood back to the heart.
endothelium, elastic fibers, smooth muscle, connective tissue
what four tissue layers do arteries and veins consist of? they are too thick for exchange of materials across the wall
endothelial
capillaries are composed of only a single layer of __ cells. since it is thin, it allows rapid gas exchange between blood and body cells
elastic, blood
larger arteries contain more __ fibers in their walls than other blood vessels. They recoil each time they receive __.
vasoconstriction
contraction of the smooth muscle layer of the arterioles results in__
vasodilation
relaxation of the smooth muscle layer results in __
100
every cell in the body is within __ micrometers of a capillary
cross-sectional
capillaries have the greatest total __-__ area of any other type of vessel
interstitial fluid
significant amount of water and solutes in the blood plasma filter through the walls of the capillaries to form the __ __
leaves, returns, does not return, lymphatic
most interstitial fluid __ at the arteriole end of the capillary and __ at the venule end. Fluid that __ __ __ to capillaries is returned to circulation by the __ system.
tissues, subclavian
in the lymphatic system, excess fluid in the __ drains into blind-ended lymph capillaries. Eventually the fluid drains into __ veins just before blood enters the heart.
cardiovascular
__ disease is the leading cause of death in the united states
atherosclerosis
__ is the accumulation of fatty material within arteries
arteriosclerosis
__ is the arterial hardening due to calcium deposition
heart attack
__ __ are myocardial infarction(obstruction of blood supply), the main cause of cardiovascular death in U.S., and is the insufficient supply of blood to the heart.
Angina pectoris
__ __ are chest pains, and the warning sign that the blood supply to the heart is inadequate but is still sufficient to avoid myocardial cell death
Stroke
__ is the interference with blood supply to the brain
autonomic nervous
__ __ system modulates heart rhythm and force of contraction
medulla oblongata, norepinephrine, acetylcholine
the cardiac center of the __ __ modulates heart rate.
- __, increases heart rate
- __, decreases heart rate
the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute, increases
what is cardiac output? this __ during exertion;
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