Chapter 6 Blood and Lymphatic Systems

Medical Terminology 220 with Marlowe at Washington State University - Pullman campus

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By: Le Trang
Created: 2012-02-15
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blast/o

germ or bud

chrom/o, chromat/o

color

chyl/o

juice

cyt/o

cell

hem/o, hemat/o

blood

immun/o

safe

lymph/o

clear fluid

morph/o

form

myel/o

bone marrow or spinal cord

phag/o

eat or swallow

plas/o

formation

reticul/o

a net

splen/o

spleen

thromb/o

clot

thym/o

thymus gland

plasma

liquid portion of the blood and lymph; contains water, proteins, and cellular components

(i.e., leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets)

serum

liquid portion of the blood that remains after clotting

erythrocyte

red blood cell; transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

hemoglobin

the protein-iron compound in erythrocytes that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide

leukocyte

white blood cell; protects the body from harmful invading substances

granulocytes

a group of leukocytes containing granules in their cytoplasm

neutrophil

a granular leukocyte, named for the neutral stain of its granules, that fights infection by swallowing bacteria (phagocytosis)

neutr = neither; phil = attraction for

polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocyte

another term for neutrophil, referring to the many segments in its nucleus

poly = many; morpho = form; nucleus = kernel

eosinophil

a granular leukocyte, named for the rose-coloed stain of its granules, that increases in allergic and some infectious reactions

eos = dawn-colored (rosy); phil = attraction for

basophil

a granular leukocyte, named for the dark stain of its granules, that brings anticoagulant substances to inflamed tissues

baso = base; phil = attraction for

agranulocytes

a group of leukocytes without granules in their nuclei

lymphocyte

an agranulocyte leukocyte that is active in the process of immunity; the three categories of lymphocytes are T-cells (thymus-dependent), B-cells (bone marrow-derived), and natural killer (NK) cells.

monocyte

an agranulocytic leukocyte that performs phagocytosis to fight infection

mono = one

platelets

thrombocytes; cell fragments in the blood that are essential for blood clotting (coagulation)

thymus

primary glad of the lymphatic system, located within the mediastinum, that helps to maintain the body's immune response by producing T lymphocytes

spleen

organ between the stomach and the diaphragm that filters out aging blood cells, removes cellular debris by performing phagocytosis, and provides an environment for lymphocytes to initiate immune responses

lymph

fluid that is circulated through the lymph vessels

lymph capillaries

microscopic vessels that draw lymph from tissues to the lymph vessels

lymph vessels

vessels that receive lymph from the lymph capillaries and circulate it to the lymph nodes

lacteals

specialized lymph vessels in the small intestines that absorb fat into the bloodstream

lacteus = milky

chyle

white or pale yellow substance in lymph that contains fatty substances absorbed by the lacteals

lymph nodes

many small, oval structures that filter lymph from the lymph vessels; major locations include the cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions

lymph ducts

collecting channels that carry lymph from the lymph nodes to the veins

right lymphatic duct

receives lymph from the right upper part of the body

thoracic duct

receives lymph from the left side of the head, neck, chest, abdomen, left arm, and lower extremities

immunity

process of disease protection induced by exposure to an antigen

antigen

a substance that, when introduced into the body, causes the formation of antibodies against it

antibody

a substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates an antigen that has entered the body

active immunity

a long-lasing immunity that results from stimulating the body to produce its own antibodies; developed either naturally, in response to an infection, or artificially, in response to the administration of a vaccine

passive immunity

a short-lasting immunity that results from foreign antibodies that are conveyed either naturally, through the placenta to a fetus, or artificially, by injection of a serum containing antibodies.

microcytosis

presence of small red blood cells

macrocytosis

presence of large red blood cells

anisocytosis

presence of red blood cells of unequal size

an = not, without; iso = equal

poikilocytosis

presence of large, irregularly shape red blood cells

poikilo = irregular

reticulocytosis

an increased number of immature erythrocytes in the blood

erythropenia

an abnormally reduced number of red blood cells

lymphocytopenia

an abnormally reduced number of lymphocytes

neutrophenia

a decreased number of neutrophils

pancytopenia

an abnormally reduced number of all cellular components in the blood

thrombocytopenia

an abnormally decreased number of platelets in the blood, impairing the clotting process

hemolysis

breakdown of the red blood cell membrane

immunocompromised

impaired immunologic defenses caused by an immunodeficiency disorder or by therapy with immunosuppressive agents

immunosuppression

impaired ability to provide an immune response

lymphadenopathy

enlarged (diseased) lymph nodes

splenomegaly

enlargement of the spleen

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

a syndrome caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that renders immune cells ineffective, permitting opportunistic infections, malignancies, and neurologic diseases to develop; transmitted sexually or through contaminated blood

anemia

a condition of reduced numbers of red blood cells, hemoglobin, or packed red cells in the blood, resulting in a diminished ability of red blood cells to transport oxygen to the tissues

aplastic anemia

a normocytic-normochromic type of anemia characterized by the failure of bone marrow to produce red blood cells

iron deficiency anemia

a microcytic-hypochromic type of anemia characterized by lack of iron that affects the production of hemoglobin and is characterized by small red blood cells containing low amounts of hemoglobin

pernicious anemia

a macrocytic-normochromic type of anemia characterized by an inadequate supply of vitamin B₁₂, causing red blood cells to become large, varied in shape, and reduced in number.

autoimmune disease

any disorder characterized by abnormal function of the immune system that causes the body to produce antibodies against itself, resulting in tissue destruction or loss of function; rheumatoid arthritis and lupus are examples of autoimmune diseases

erythroblastosis fetalis

a disorder that results from the incompatibility of a fetus with Rh-positive blood and a mother with Rh-negative blood, causing red blood cell destruction in the fetus; a blood transfusion is necessary to save the fetus

Rh factor

presence of lack of antigens on the surface of red blood cells, which causes a reaction between Rh-positive blood and Rh-negative blood

Rh positive

presence of antigens

Rh negative

absence of antigens

hemochromatosis

hereditary disorder with an excessive buildup of iron deposits in the body

hemophilia

a group of hereditary bleeding disorders caused by a defect in clotting factors necessary for the coagulation of the blood

leukemia

chronic or acute malignant (cancerous) disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by abnormal leukocytes in the blood and bone marrow

myelodysplasia

disorder within the bone marrow characterized by proliferation of abnormal stem cells (cells that give rise to difference types of blood cells); usually develops into a specific type of leukemia

lymphoma

any neoplastic disorder of lymph tissue, usually malignant, as in Hodgkin disease

metastasis

process in which cancer cells are spread by blood or lymph circulation to a distant organ; the plural form, metastases, indicates spreading to two or more distant sites

mononucleosis

condition caused by the Epstein-Barr virus and characterized by an increase in mononuclear cells (monocytes and lymphocytes) in the blood along with enlarged lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy), fatigue, and sore throat (pharyngitis)

polycythemia

increased number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in the blood

septicemia

systemic disease by infection with microorganisms and their toxins in circulating blood

phlebotomy, venipuncture

incision into or puncture of a vein to withdraw blood for testing

blood chemistry

test of the fluid portion of blood to measure the amounts of its chemical constituents (eg. glucose and cholesterol)

blood chemistry panels

specialized batteries of automated blood chemistry testes performed on a single sample of blood; used as a general screen for disease or to target specific organs or conditions (e.g., metabolic panel, lipid panel, and arthritis panel)

basic metabolic panel (BMP)

battery tests used as a general screen for disease; includes tests for calcium, carbon dioxide (CO₂), chloride, creatine, glucose, potassium, sodium, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN).

comprehensive metabolic panel

tests performed in addition to the basic panel for expanded screening: albumin, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, protein, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)

blood culture

test to determine if infection is present in the blood stream by isolating a specimen of blood in an environment that encourages the growth of microorganisms; the specimen with observed, and the organisms that grow in the culture are identified

CD4 cell count

a measure of the number of CD4 cells (a subset of T lymphocytes) in the blood; used in monitoring the course of HIV and in timing the treatment of AIDS; the normal adult range is 600-1500 cells in a given volume of blood

erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

timed test that measures the rate at which red blood cells settle through a volume of plasma

partial thromboplastin time (PTT)

test to determine coagulation defects, such as platelet disorders

thromboplastin

substance present in tissues, platelets, and leukocytes that is necessary for coagulation

prothrombin time (PT)

test to measure activity of prothrombin in the blood

prothrombin

protein substance in the blood that is essential to the clotting process

complete blood count (CBC)

a common lab. blood test performed as a screen of general health or for diagnostic purposes and typically includes the component tests that follow; test results are usually reported along with normal values so that the clinician can interpret........

white blood count (WBC)

a count of the white blood cells in a given volume of blood obtained via manual or automated laboratory methods

red blood count (RBC)

a count of the number of red blood cell sin a given volume of blood containing via manual or automated laboratory methods

hemoglobin (HGB or HgB)

a test to determine the blood level of hemoglobin (expressed in grams)

Hematocrit (HCT or Hct)

a measurement of the percentage of packed red blood cells in the given volume of blood

blood indices

calculations of RBC, HGB, and HCT results to determine the average size, hemoglobin concentration, and the content of red blood cells to classify anemia.

mean corpuscular (cell) volume (MCV)

calculations of the volume (size) of individual red blood cells using HCT and RBC results

MCV = HCT/RBC

mean corpuscular (cell) hemoglobin (MCH)

calculation of content (weight) of hemoglobin in the average red blood cell using HGB and RBC results:

MCH = HBG/RBC

mean corpuscular (cell) hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

calculations of average hemoglobin concentration in each red blood cell using HGB and HCT results:

MCHC = HGB/HCT

differential count

determination of the number of each type of white blood cell (leukocyte) in a stained blood smear; each type is counted and reported as a percentage of the total examined

lymphocytes 25-33%

mono 3-7%

neut 54-75%

eosino 1-3%

baso 0-1%

red cell morphology

as part of identifying and counting the white blood cells, the condition, size, and shape of red blood cell sin the background of the smeared slide are noted (eg. anisocytosis, poikilocytosis)

platelet count (PLT)

calculation of the number of thrombocytes in the blood; the normal adualt range is 150,000-450,000 platelets in a given volume of blood

bone marrow aspiration

needle aspiration of bone marrow tissue for pathologic examination

bone marrow biopsy

pathologic examination of bone marrow tissue

lymphangiogram

an x-ray image of a lymph node of vessel obtained after injection of a contrast medium

computed tomography (CT)

full body x-ray CT images are used to detect tumors and cancers such as lymphoma

position-emission tomography (PET)

scanning technique combining nuclear medicine & CT technology to produce image of anatomy & metabolic function within the body; useful in determining the recurrence of cancers or to measure response to therapy, commonly used in evaluating lymphoma

bone marrow transplant

transplantation of healthy bone marrow from a compatible donor to a diseased recipient to stimulate blood cell production

lymphadenectomy

removal of a lymph node

lymphadentomoy

incision into a lymph node

lymph node dissection

removal of possible cancer-carrying lymph nodes for pathologic examination

splenectomy

removal of the spleen

thymectomy

removal of the thymus gland

blood transfusion

introduction of blood products into the circulation of a recipient whose blood volume is reduced or deficient in some manner

autologous blood

blood donated by and storied for a patient for future personal use

homologous blood

blood voluntarily donated by any person for transfusion to a compatible recipient

blood component therapy

transfusion of a specific blood component, such as packed red blood cells, platelets, or plasma

cross-matching

method of matching a donor's blood to the recipient by mixing a sample in a test tube to determine compatibility

chemotherapy

treatment of malignancies, infectious, and other diseases with chemical agents to destroy selected cells or to impair their ability to reproduce

immunotherapy

use of biologic agents to prevent or treat disease by stimulating the body's own defense mechanism, as seen in a treatment of AIDS, cancer, or allergy

plasmaphersis

removal of plasma from the body with separation and extraction of specific elements (eg. platelets) followed by reinfusion (apheresis = a withdrawal)

anticoagulant

a drug that prevents clotting of the blood

hemostatic

a drug that stops the flow of blood within the vessels

vasoconstrictor

a drug that causes a narrowing of blood vessels, thereby decreasing blood flow

vasodilator

a drug that causes dilation of blood vessels, thereby increasing blood flow

AIDS

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

ALT

alanine aminotransferase (enzyme)

AST

aspartate aminotransferase (enzyme)

BMP

basic metabolic panel

BUN

blood urea nitrogen

CBC

complete blood count

CMP

comprehensive metabolic panel

CO₂

carbon dioxide

computed tomography

ESR

erythrocyte sedimenation rate

HCT or Hct

hematocrit

HGB or Hgb

hemoglobin

HIV

human immunodeficiency virus

MCH

mean corpuscular (cell) hemoglobin

MCHC

mean corpuscular (cell) hemoglobin concentration

MCV

mean corpuscular (cell) volume

natural killer cells

PET

positron-emission tomography

PLT

platelet count

PMN

polymorphonuclear (leukocyte)

prothrombin time

PTT

partial thromboplastin time

RBC

red blood cell, red blood count

WBC

white blood cell, white blood count

About this deck

By: Le Trang
Created: 2012-02-15
Size: 150 flashcards
Views: 59

About StudyBlue

“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis