Chapter 6
Biology 2600 with Gottesman at Nova Southeastern University
About this deck
By: Natalie Samario
Created: 2011-02-08
Size: 176 flashcards
Views: 21
Created: 2011-02-08
Size: 176 flashcards
Views: 21
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de-
not
di-
double
dys-
bad, abnormal, painful, difficult
hemi-
one-half
hydro-
water
hyper-
excessive, abnormally high, above
mono-
one
pan-
all, entire
par-
near, alongside; departure from normal
para-
near, alongside; departure from normal
poly-
many
pre-
before
sub-
below, beneath
tetra-
four
COMBINING FORMS
null
alges/o
pain
angi/o
blood vessels
arachn/o
spider
arteri/o
artery
arthr/o
joint
arther/o
fatty substance
cephal/o
head
cerebell/o
little brain, cerebellum
cerebr/o
brain, cerebrum
cran/o, crani/o
skull, cranium
dur/o
hard
embol/o
a plug
encephal/o
brain
gangli/o, gnaglion/o
knot, swelling
gli/o
glue, neuroglia
gnos/o
knowledge
lumb/o
loin, lower back
lys/o
break apart, dissolution
mening/o, mening/i
membrane, meninges
ment/o
mind
myel/o
spinal cord, medulla, myelin sheath (also means bone marrow in the muscular system)
narc/o
numbness
neur/o
sinew or cord, nerve (also means fascia in the muscular system)
phas/o, phasi/o
speech
plegi/o
pralysis
poli/o
grey
psych/o
mind
quadr/o, quadr/i
four
radic/o, radicul/o
nerve root
scler/o
thick, hard, sclera
somat/o
body
spin/o
spine, thorn
thalam/o
inner chamber, thalamus
thromb/o
clot
vascul/o
small vessel
SUFFIXES
null
-algia
pain
-asthenia
weakness
-cele
hernia, swelling, protrusion
-esthesia
sensation, perception
-gram
a record
-iatry
treatment, speciality
-ic
pertaining to
-itis
inflammation
-lepsy
seizure
-logist
one who studies
-lysis
to loosen, dissolve
-malacia
softening
-oid
resembling
-paresis
paralysis (minor)
-phagia
eating or swallowing
-phasia
speaking (may also be used as a root, as phas
-plegia
paralysis (major)
-troph
nourishment, development
arachnoid
the middle meninx; surrounds a space filled with CSF, known as the subarachnoid space
subarachnoid space
the space within the arachnoid, which is filled with CSF
cerebellum
the lower posterior part of the brain that is the center of muscle coordination and equilibrium
cerebrospinal fluid
a colorless fluid, produced within the ventricles of the brain, that provides liquid shock absorption and a source of nourishment for the brain and spinal cord; abbreviated CSF
cerebrum
the largest part of the brain; includes the right and left cerebral hemispheres, the corpus callosum , the cerebral cortex, and the lobes
cerebral hemispheres
the right and left portions of the cerebrum, separated by the longitudinal fissure
cerebral cortex
the outer fringe of the cerebrum and the sire of nerve pathway termination and origin in the brain
cranium
the dome-shaped part of the skull that houses the cranial cavity
cranial nerves
twelve pairs of nerves that unite with the brain
diencephalon
the central part of the brain, which contains the thalamus and the hypothalamus; located beneath the cerebrum
ganglia
clusters of neuron cell bodies that lie outside the CNS
meninges
the dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord; singular form is meninx
myelin
a white, fatty membrane that partially wraps the axons of certain neurons
neuroglia
supportive cells of nervous tissue
neuron
a functional cell of nervous tissue that generates and transmits nerve impulses; each neuron consists of numerous dendrites, a centralized cell body, and a single axon
neurotransmitter
a chemical that is released into a synapse from one neuron to cause a change in another neuron
spinal cord
the cylindrical cord of nervous tissue that extends through the spinal canal from its union with the medulla of the brain to the lumbar vertebral region
spinal nerves
thirty-one pairs of nerves that unite the spinal cord
thalamus
area in the diencephalon that serves as a relay station of impulses
hypothalamus
located just below the thalamus, this area in the diencephalon is the center for involuntary functions
aphasia
inability to speak
cephalagia
a headache, or general pain to the head
dysphasia
difficulty to speak
hyperesthesia
increased sensitivity to stimulation, such as touch or pain
neuralgia
pain in a nerve
neurasthenia
a vague condition of body fatigue often associated with depression
paresthesia
abnormal sensation of numbness and tingling without an objective cause
agnosia
a loss of the ability to interpret sensory information
Alzheimer's disease
deterioration of brain function characterized by confusion, short-term memory loss, and restlessness; abbreviated AD
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
progressive atrophy (loss) of muscle caused by hardening of nervous tissue on the lateral columns of the spinal cord; also known as Lou Gehrig's disease after the professional baseball player whose experience with this disease brought it to national attention; abbreviated ALS
cerebellitis
inflammation of the cerebellum
cerebral aneurysm
a type of cerebral vascular disease where a blood vessel that supplies the brain becomes dilated due to a weakening of its wall
cerebral arteriosclerosis
a type of cerebral vascular disease characterized by hardening of the arteries that supply the brain
cerebral atherosclerosis
a type of cerebral vascular disease where a buildup of fatty plaque on the inside wall of a vessel that supplies the brain results in reduced blood flow
cerebral embolism
presence of an embolism (floating blood clot) in a blood vessel that supplies the brain
cerebral palsy
a condition of partial muscle paralysis that is caused by a brain defect or lesion present at birth or shortly after; abbreviated CP
cerebral thrombosis
a thrombosis (lodged blood clot) within blood vessel that supply the brain
cerebrovascular accident
disruption of the blood supply to the brain resulting in functional losses or death; also called stroke and abbreviated CVA
cerebrovascular disease
general disorder resulting from a change within one or more blood vessels that supply the brain
coma
a general term that describes several levels of decreased consciousness; also known as deep sleep
concussion
injury to the brain caused by a violent movement of the head; includes symptoms of vertigo and loss of consciousness
dementia
declining impairment of mental function that is characterized by memory loss, disorientation, and confusion; literally means not in the mind
duritis
inflammation of dura mater
encephalitis
inflammation of the brain, usually caused by bacterial or viral infection
encephalomalacia
softening of brain tissue, usually caused by bacterial or viral infection
epilepsy
a brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizures
gangliitis
inflammation of ganglion
glioma
a tumor of neuroglial cells
hemiparesis
partial paralysis on one side of the body
hemiplegia
paralysis on one side of the body
hydrocephalus
increased volume of CSF in the brain ventricles of child before the cranial sutures have sealed, causing enlargement of the cranium
meningioma
benign tumor of the meninges
meningitis
inflammation of the meninges, usually caused by bacterial or viral infection
meningocele
protrusion of the meninges through an opening caused by a defect in the skull or spinal column
meningomyelocele
protrusion of the meninges and spinal cord through the spinal column
monoparesis
partial paralysis of one limb
monoplegia
paralysis of one limb
multiple sclerosis
the deterioration of the myelin sheath covering axons within the brain, exhibited by episodes of localized functional losses; abbreviated MS
myelitis
inflammation of the spinal cord
narcolepsy
a sleep disorder characterized by sudden, uncontrollable attacks of sleep, attacks of paralysis, and hypnagogic hallucinations (dreams intruding wakefulness)
neuritis
inflammation of a nerve
neuroarthropathy
a disease of the nervous system that results in pain within one or more joints
neuroma
a general term for any tumor that originates from nervous tissue
neurosis
a emotional disorder that involves a counterproductive way of dealing with stress
palsy
paralysis of localized areas; the most common is Bell's palsy, in which facial muscles are paralyzed on one side of the head
paraplegia
paralysis from the waist down
Parkinson's disease
chronic degenerative disease of the brain indicated by hand tremors, rigidity, expressionless face, and shuffling gait; also called Parkinsonism and abbreviated PD
poliomyelitits
inflammation of gray mater of the spinal cord caused by one of several polioviruses that often leads to paralysis; also called polio
polyneuritis
inflammation of many nerves at one time
psychopathy
any disease affecting the mind
psychosis
an incapacitating mental disorder indicated by a gross distortion of emotions and an incapacity to recognize reality, relate to others, and cope with ordinary demands of daily life
psychosomatic
pertaining to both the mind and body; commonly used to describe a condition that results from mental stress
quadriplegia
paralysis of all four limbs; also known as tetraplegia
radiculitis
inflammation of the spinal nerve root
radiculopathy
a disease of spinal nerve roots
sciatica
inflammation of the sciatic nerve, producing pain that extends from the thigh to the toes
seizure
a sudden attack of spasms or convulsions; classified as grand mal (al muscle groups), petit mal (brief losses of consciousness without motor involvement), or partial (limited areas of the brain with local symptoms)
shingles
viral infection of the peripheral nerves that erupts as painful skin blisters along nerve tracts; also called herpes zoster
syncope
fainting, usually caused by a sudden loss of blood flow to the brain
transient ischemic attack
a brief episode of loss of blood flow to the brain that results in a temporary neurologic impairment and often precedes a CVA; abbreviated TIA
anorexia nervosa
behavioral eating disorder characterized by a low self-image that leads to an intensive fear of gaining weight, causing excessive weight loss and malnutrition
anxiety disorder
emotional instability caused by apprehension and mental tension over the anticipation of real or imagined events
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
learning disorder caused by the failure to focus attention for a given period of time due to abnormally high energy (hyperactivity) and impulsiveness; abbreviated ADHD; a similar condition that prevents the individual from focusing attention for more than a few minutes but does not include hyperactivity is called ADD
bipolar disorder
mental disorder in which the patient experiences episodes of extreme changes in mood and energy, ranging from severe depression to mania
bulimia nervosa
behavioral eating disorder that involves uncontrollable eating, or binging, and self-induced vomiting, or purging
clinical depression
mental disorder characterized by overwhelming feelings of sadness and despair, often accompanied by reduced energy and avoidance f social contacts
obsessive-compulsive disorder
mental disorder that involves an uncontrollable need to perform certain motor-skill tasks, repetitive behaviors, or rituals, such as hand washing; abbreviated OCD
phobia
emotional disorder characterized by an intense, irrational fear of an object, environment, or experience; the particular fear is identified by adding the suffix -phobia to the feared item, environment, or experience--such as arachnophobia, the fear of spiders
post-traumatic stress disorder
emotional disorder characterized by extreme fear and anxiety that results from a traumatic experience, such as a bomb explosion or automobile accident; abbreviated PTSD
schizophrenia
a group of psychotic disorders that include the inability to distinguish reality from nonreality, disturbance of language, social withdrawal, and fragmentation of cognitive functions
analgesic
an agent that relieves pain
anesthesia
a process or treatment that results in an absence of feeling or sensation
cerebral angiography
x-ray photography of the blood vessels in the brain following injection of a contrast medium
computed tomography
also called a CT scan or CAT scan, this procedure involves the use of a computer to interpret a series of images an construct from them a three-dimensional view of the brain; this is particularly useful in diagnosing tumors
craniectomy
surgical excision (removal) of part of the skull to approach the brain
craniotomy
incision into the skull to approach the brain
echoencephalography
use of ultrasonography or ultrasound to record the brain structures (abbreviated EchoEG)
electroencephalography
a procedure that records the electrical impulses of the brain abbreviated (EEG)
evoked potential studies
also called EP studies, this group of diagnostic tests measures changes in brain waves in the presence of particular stimuli to determine brain function, providing a test for sight, hearing, and other senses
ganglionectomy
surgical excision of a ganglion; also called gangliectomy
lumbar puncture
aspiration (fluid withdrawal with a syringe) of CSF from the subarachnoid space in the lumbar region of the spinal cord abbreviated LP
magnetic resonance imaging
use of magnets and computer imaging to identify structural details of soft tissues by producing three-dimensional images useful in targeting brain tumors, brain trauma, and MS; abbreviated MRI
myelogram
x-ra photograph of the spinal cord following injection of a contrast dye
neurectomy
surgical excision of a nerve
neurology
the study and medical practice of the nervous system; a physician who specializes in disorders of the nervous system is a neurologist
neurolysis
null
About this deck
By: Natalie Samario
Created: 2011-02-08
Size: 176 flashcards
Views: 21
Created: 2011-02-08
Size: 176 flashcards
Views: 21
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy
Kathy