Chapter 6
P&c Insurance 100 with Futt at University of Washington - Seattle Campus
About this deck
By: Robert Blackwell
Created: 2011-04-16
Size: 70 flashcards
Views: 5
Created: 2011-04-16
Size: 70 flashcards
Views: 5
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Sensitivity
The ability to detect the presence of dimly lit objects.
Acuity
The ability to see the details of objects.
Ciliary Muscles
The eye muscles that control the shape of the lenses.
Accomodation
The process of adjusting the configuration of the lenses to bring images into focus on the retina.
Binocular disparity
The difference in the position of the retinal image of the same object on the two retinas
Receptors
Cells that are specialized to receive chemical, mechanical, or radiant signals from the environment.
Horizontal Cells
Type of retinal neurons whose specialized function is lateral communication
Bipolar Cells
Bipolar neurons that form the middle layer of the retina
Amacrine Cells
A type of retinal neuron whose specialized function is lateral communication.
Retinal Ganglion Cells
Retinal neurons whose axons leave the eyeball and form the optic nerve.
Blind Spot
The area on the retina where the bundle of axons of the retinal ganglinon cells penetrate the receptor layer and leave the eye as the optic nerve.
Fovea
The central indentation of the retina, which is specialized for high-acuity vision.
Completion
The visual system's automatic use of information obtained from receptors around the blind spot, or scotoma, to create a perception of the missing portion of the retinal image.
Surface Interpolation
The process by which the visual system perceives large surfaces, by extracting information about edges and from it, inferring the appearance of adjacent surfaces.
Cones
The visual receptors in the retina that mediate high-acuity color vision in good lighting.
Rods
The visual receptors in the retina that mediate achromatic, low-acuity vision in dim light.
Duplexity Theory
The theory that cones and rods mediate photopic and scotopic vision, respectively.
Photopic Vision
Cone-mediated vision, which predominates when lighting is good.
Scotopic Vision
Rod mediated vision which predominates in dim light.
Nasal Hemiretina
The half of each retina next to the nose.
Temporal Hemiretina
The half of each retina next to the temples.
Photopic Spectral Sensitivity Curve
The graph of the sensitivy of cone-mediate vision to different wavelenghts of light.
Scotopic Spectral Sensitivity Curve
The graph of the sensitivity of rod-mediated vision to different wavelengths of light.
Purkinje Effect
In intense light, red and yello wavelenghts look brighter than blue or green wavelengths of equal intensity. In dim light the opposite is true.
Fixational Eye Movements
Involuntary eye movements of the eyes that occurs when a person tries to fix their gaze.
Saccades
The rapid eye movements between fixations.
Transduction
The conversion of one form of energy to another.
Rhodopsin
The photopigment of rods.
Absorption Spectrum
A graph of the ability of a substance to absorb light of different wavelengths.
Retina-geniculate-striate Pathways
The major visual pathway from each retina to the striate cortex (primary visual cortex) via the lateral geniculate nuclei of the thalamus.
Primary Visual Cortex
The area of the cortex that receives direct imput from the lateral geniculate nuclei (striate cortex).
Lateral Geniculate Nuclei
The six-layered thalamic structures that receive imput from the retinas and transmit their output to the primary visual cortex.
Retinotopic
Organized, like the primary visual cortex, according to a map of the retina.
Parvocellular Layers
The layers of the lateral geniculate nuclei that are composed of neurons with small cell bodies; the top four layers (P layers).
Magnocellular Layers
The layers of the lateral geniculate nuclei that are composes of neurons with large cell bodies; the bottom two layers (M layers).
Contrast Enhancement
The intensification of the perception of edges.
Ommatidia
The visual receptors of the horseshoe crab.
Lateral Inhibition
Inhibition of adjacent neurons or receptors in a topographic array.
Receptive Field
The area of the visual field with which it is possible for the appropriate stimulus to influence the firing of a visual neuron.
Monocular
Involving only one eye.
On-center Cells
Visual neurons that respond to lights shown in the center of their receptive fields with "on" firing and to lights shone in the periphery of their fields with "off" firing.
Off-center Cells
Visual neurons that respond to lights shown in the center of their receptive fields with "off" firing and to lights shone in the periphery of their fields with "on" firing.
Simple Cells
Neurons in the visual cortex that responds maximally to straight-edge stimuli in a certain position and orientation.
Complex Cells
Neurons in the visual cortex that responds optimally to straight-edge stimuli in a certain orientation in any part of their receptive field.
Binocular disparity
The difference in the position of the retinal image of the same object on the two retinas.
Component Theory
The theory that the relative amount of activity produced in three different classes of cones by light determines its perceived color (trichromatic theory)
Opponent-process Theory
The theory that a visual receptor or a neuron signals one color when it responds in one way (eg. Increasing its firing rate) and signals the complementary color when it responds in the opposite way.
Complementary Colors
Pairs of colors that produce white or gray.
Color Constancy
The tendency of an object to appear the same color even with the wavelengths of light that it reflects change.
Retinex Theory
Land's theory that the color of an object is determined by its reflectance, which the visual system calculates by comparing the ability of adjacent surfaces to reflect short, medium, and long wavelengths.
Dual-opponent Color Cells
Neurons that respond to the differences in the wavelengths of light stimulating adjacent areas of their receptive field.
Cytochrome Oxidase
An enzyme present in particularly high concentrations in the mitochondria of dual-opponent color cells of the visual cortex.
Blobs
Peglike, cytochrome oxidase-rich, dual-opponent color columns.
Secondary Visual Cortex
Areas of the cerebral cortex that receive most of their input from primary visual cortex.
Visual Association Cortex
Ares of cerebral cortex that receive input from areas of secondary visual cortex as well as from secondary cortex of other sensory symptoms.
Prestriate Cortex
The band of tissue in the occipital lobe that surrounds the primary visual cortex and contains areas of secondary visual cortex.
Inferotemporal Cortex
The cortex of the inferior temporal lobe, in which is located an area of secondary visual cortex that is involved in object recognition.
Posterior Parietal Cortex
A area of association cortex that receives input from the visual, auditory, and somatosensory systems and is involved in the perception of spatial locations and guidance of voluntary behavior.
Scotoma
An area of blindness produced by damage to, or disruption of, an area of the visual system.
Perimetry Test
The procedure used to map scotomas.
Hemianopsic
Having a scotoma that covers half the visual field
Conscious Awareness
The ability to perceive one's experiences, typically inferred from the ability to verbally describe them.
Blindsight
The ability of some patients who are blind as a consequence of cortical damage to unconsciously see some aspect of their visual enviornments.
Dorsal Stream
The group of visual pathways that flows from the primary visual cortex to the dorsal prestriate cortex to the posterior parietal cortex. According to one theory, its function is the control of visually guided behavior
Ventral stream
The group of visual pathways that flows from the primary visual cortex to the ventral prestriate cortex to the inferotemporal cortex; accordig to one theory, its function is conscious visual perception
"Where" versus "What" Theory
The theory that the dorsal stream mediates the perception of where things are and the ventral stream mediates the perception of what things are.
"Control of Behavior" vs. "Conscious Perception" Theory
The theory that the dorsal stream mediates behaviorial interactions with objects and the ventral stream mediates conscious perceptions of objects.
Prosopagnosia
Visual agnosia for faces.
Agnosia
An inability to consciously recognize sensory stimuli of a particular class that is not attributable to a sensory deficit or to verbal or intellectual impairment.
Visual Agnosia
A failure to recognize visual stimuli that is not attributable to sensory, verbal, or intellectual impairment.
About this deck
By: Robert Blackwell
Created: 2011-04-16
Size: 70 flashcards
Views: 5
Created: 2011-04-16
Size: 70 flashcards
Views: 5
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
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