Chapter 7 Learning

Psychology 7a with Hogedorn at University of California - Irvine

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By: Kalissa Zhang
Created: 2011-02-05
Size: 36 flashcards
Views: 19

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Learning

Relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior, due to experience

Association Learning

Learning that 2 events occur together

Classical Conditioning

Type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli and thus to anticipate events

Ivan Pavlov

Understanding of classical conditioning
Studied salivary secretion in dogs

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically - triggers a response

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus
Ex. salivation when food is in the mouth

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

Conditioned Response (CR)

Learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

Produces no response
Eventually learned to become a conditioned stimulus

Acquisition

Initial learning of a stimulus-response relationship

Extinction

Diminishing of a conditioned response

Spontaneous Recovery

Reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

Generalization

Tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus

Discrimination

Learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other irrelevant stimuli

Operant Conditioning

Organisms associate their behaviors with consequences

Reinforcement

Behavior followed by reinforcers increase

Punishment

Behavior followed by punishment decrease

Respondent Behavior

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

Operant Behavior

Behavior that "operates" on the environmental producing consequences

B. F. Skinner

Most influential behaviorist
Committed to finding ways to objectively measure behavior

E. L. Thorndike

Law of Effect
Puzzle box with cat inside experiment
As cat was repeatedly placed inside box, it took progressively less time to escape on each trial

Law of Effect

Rewarded behavior is likely to recur

Shaping

Reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

Positive Reinforcer and Punishment

Stimulus PRESENTED after a response, causing an increase in the rate of response
Ex. reward, praise, attention

Negative Reinforcer and Punishment

Stimulus that causes an increase in the rate of response, but works by REMOVING that stimulus
Ex. annoying beeping

Primary Reinforcer

Stimulus that is innately satisfying
Ex. food, water

Conditioned (Secondary) Reinforcer

Stimulus that works because of its association with a primary reinforcer
Ex. money

Continuous Reinforcement

Behaviors are reinforced every time they occur
Learning occurs rapidly, but so does extinction

Fixed-ratio

Reinforce behavior after a set number of responses

Variable-ratio

Reinforce after an unpredictable number of responses

Fixed-interval

Reinforce the first response after a fixed time period

Variable-interval

Reinforces first response after VARYING time intervals

Observational Learning

Learning by observing and imitating others

Modeling

Process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

Albert Bandura

Bobo doll experiment

Likely to imitate actions that go unpunished
Likely to imitate models who we perceive to be similar to us
Likely to imitate models who seem successful or admirable

Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement

Only reinforce SOME responses
Initial learning is slower
More resistant to extinction

About this deck

By: Kalissa Zhang
Created: 2011-02-05
Size: 36 flashcards
Views: 19

About StudyBlue

“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis