Chapter 7: Memory
Psychology 101 with Musumeci-szabo at Rutgers University - New Brunswick/Piscataway
About this deck
By: Lauren Miraglia
Textbook:
Psychology in Action
Psychology: From Inquiry to Understanding (A La Carte Edition. Second Edition.)
Created: 2009-10-18
Size: 54 flashcards
Views: 108
Textbook:
Psychology in ActionPsychology: From Inquiry to Understanding (A La Carte Edition. Second Edition.)
Created: 2009-10-18
Size: 54 flashcards
Views: 108
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Encoding
forming a memory code
types of encoding
sensory and language based
language-based: visual/structural
relatively shallow processing that emphasizes the physical structure of the stimulus
language-based: acoustic/phonemic
naming or saying the words
language-based: semantic
emphasizes the meaning of verbal input such as the object and action the word represents
how is attention related to memory?
when forced to divide attention between memory encoding and some other task large reduction in memory performance are seen
why is the term "selective attention" redundant?
attention is selection of input
level of processing (how is it related to retention?)
proposes that deeper levels of processing result in longer lasting memory codes; this theory shows that memory involves more than just storage
methods of enriching encoding (how does each work?)
elaboration, visual imagery, and self-referent encoding
elaboration
linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding (you read that phobias are often caused by classical conditioning and you apply this idea to your own fear of spiders)
visual imagery
the creation of visual images to represent the words to be remembered. it provides a second kind of memory.
sensory memory
preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second
type of encoding used with sensory memory
sensory
capacity of sensory memory
7 items
duration of sensory memory
a brief moment
short-term memory (stm)
a limited capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to about 20 seconds.
type of encoding for stm
language-based acoustic/phonemic
capacity of stm
about 7 items; chunking is when people routinely draw information out of their long term memory to evaluate and understand information that they are working with in short term memory.
duration of stm
when stm is filling to capacity the insertion of new information often displaces some of the information currently in stm.
role of rehearsal w/ stm
the process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about information
how is stm related to "working memory"?
handles a greater variety of functions and depends on more complicated processes
long term memory (ltm)
an unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time
type of encoding for ltm
elaborate
capacity of ltm
unlimited
duration of ltm
could be forever
how does info get transferred into ltm?
repetition
clustering
cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event abstracted from previous experience w/ the object or event
schemas
people are more likely to remember things with their schema than things that are not
semantic networks
nodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways that link related concepts
types of long term memories
procedural, declarative, episodic, and semantic
procedural ltm
memory of actions (how to do things like ride a bike)
declarative
memory of facts/information
episodic
autobiographical (memory of going on a bike ride)
semantic
general information (knowledge about bikes)
retrieval - role of elaborative rehearsal
over learning - continued rehearsal of material after you first appear to have mastered it
use of mnemonic devices
strategies for enhancing memory
role of context cues
we strengthen the context by reinstating it
how is retrieval influenced by the way information is stored?
stimuli that help gain access to memories - hints, related information, partial recollections
how is the reconstruction of memory affected by schemas? (false recall)
we think we see something/hear something b/c it relates to our schemas (the list of weather related words)
how does reconstruction affect eyewitness testimony? (misinformation effect)
participants recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleading post-event information
recognition vs. recall tasks
recognition is the selection of previously learned information from an array of options and recall is to reproduce information on their own without any cues
relearning
a participant to memorize information a second time to determine how much time or effort is saved by having learned it before
ineffective coding
lack of attention
decay
forgetting occurs b/c memory fades w/ time
interference
people forget information b/c of competition of other material
retroactive interference
when new information interferes w/ the retention of previously learned material
proactive interference
when previously learned information interferes w/ the retention of new information
retrieval failure
more likely when a mismatch occurs between retrieval cues and the encoding information searched for; encoding specifity principle
motivated forgetting (repression)
keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious; all human memories are subject to distortion
biochemistry of memory
create unique, reusable pathways in the brain along which signals flow
neural circuitry of memory
hormonal fluctuations that can facilitate or impair memory; protein synthesis in the brain that may be necessary for the formation of memories; alteration in synaptic transmissions at specific sites
what is consolidation?
a hypothetical process involving the gradual conversion of information into durable memory codes stored in ltm
what is the role of the hippocampus?
it's where memories are consolidated
improving memory
rehearse; use distributed practice; minimize interference; use deep processing; organize; use mnemonics and imagery
About this deck
By: Lauren Miraglia
Textbook: Psychology in Action
Psychology: From Inquiry to Understanding (A La Carte Edition. Second Edition.)
Created: 2009-10-18
Size: 54 flashcards
Views: 108
Textbook:
Psychology in ActionPsychology: From Inquiry to Understanding (A La Carte Edition. Second Edition.)
Created: 2009-10-18
Size: 54 flashcards
Views: 108
About StudyBlue
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