Chapter 7 Review

Psychology 100 with Ottani at Central Michigan University

About this deck

By: Ashley Averill
Textbook:

Psychology: An Introduction
Created: 2012-02-13
Size: 47 flashcards
Views: 22

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What is the definition of learning?

A mechanism of changing behavior.

What is maturation? What is the difference between learning and maturation?

Systematic physical growth of the body, including the nervous system.

What is imprinting? Which aspect of imprinting that makes it a maturational, rather than learning, phenomenon?

Rapid learning that occurs during a brief receptive period.

This is maturational because it happens at the same rate as growing physically.

What is critical period?

A period in a lifetime during which a specific stage ofdevelopment usually occurs.

What are three learning situations psychologists often study?

1.) Classical Conditioning

2.) Instrumental / Operant Conditioning

3.) Modeling / Observational Learning

What does it mean by associative learning?

A learning principle based on the belief that ideas and experiencesreinforce one another and can be mentally linked to enhance thelearning process.

Who discovered classical conditioning? What did he do to discover it?

Ivan Pavlov

What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)? - you must be able to identify

A stimulus to which anorganism has learned to make a response by classical conditioning

What is an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) - you must be able to identify

Any stimulus evoking an unlearnt response

What is an unconditioned response (UCR) - you must be able to identify

A reflex action innately elicited by astimulus without the intervention of any learning process

What is a conditioned response (CR) - you must be able to identify

A response that becomes associated with a previously unrelatedstimulus as a result of pairing the stimulus with another stimulusnormally yielding the response.

What do we do to create classical conditioning?

1. Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

produces Unconditioned Response (UCR)

What is taste aversion? Why is it special? What does it mean by biological preparedness?

Taste Aversion - learning to avoid a food that makes you sick

•Easy to learn. Often, one pairing is enough.

What is phobia? Based on Watson, how do we learn phobia? What did Watson do when he conditioned little Albert?

Phobia - Many of the phobias are based on classical conditioning

Conditioned a child

How does drug tolerance develop based on classical conditioning? What would act as a CS? What is CR?

•CR – Resisting drug effects

•Conditioning creates drug resistance

•Start to taking more and more drugs

•Context acts as a CS

What is extinction? How can we create extinction?

–Presenting CS alone creates extinction

–You no longer activate CR

CS - no UCS

What is counterconditioning? What do we do? Why do we need it?

•Create an incompatible response

•A child is afraid of a rabbit.

•Give UCS (cookie) UCR (relaxation)

•Then gradually introduce CS (rabbit)

Principle – You cannot be relaxed and afraid at the same time.

What is spontaneous recovery?

Temporary increase in the strength of a conditioned response, which is likely to occur during extinction after the passage of time.

What is stimulus generalization? What is stimulus discrimination?

Stimulus Generalization - Tendency for similar stimuli to elicit the same response.

Stimulus Discrimination - Tendency for responses to occur more often in the presence of one stimulus than others.

What is operant conditioning (or instrumental conditioning)? What is it based on?

Learning in which the consequences of behavior lead to changes in the probability of its occurrence.

What was the most famous psychologist (other than Thorndike) studied the effect of behavioral consequence? What did he do? What is Skinner Box?

Skinner

Animal learning

Cage for animals, equipped with a response lever ans a food tray dispenser, used in research on operant conditioning.

What is positive reinforcement? Give examples.

Any conseuence of behavior that leads to an increase in the probability of its occurrence.

What is negative reinforcement? Give examples.

Reinforcement that occurs when (1) a behavior is followed by the removal or the avoidance of a negative event, and (2) the probability that the behavior will occur in the future increases as a result

What is positive punishment? Give examples.

•Adding a stimulus after a response to reduce the rate of responding in the future

After being spanked, your child stop picking on his brother

What is negative punishment? Give examples.

•Subtracting a stimulus after a response to reduce the rate of responding in the future

•“Omission” procedure

•“Time out” procedure

What is escape conditioning? What is avoidance conditioning? What is the difference between the two?

EC - Operant conditioning in which the behavior is reinforced, because it stops a negative event.

AC - Operant conditioning in which the behavior is reinforced, because it prevents a negative event.

Escape conditioning stops the event

What is a discriminative stimulus? What is S^D and what is S^Δ? Which one signals the availability of reinforcement?

•You can also signal when to respond. Can choose when you want to respond.

•SD – signal reinforcement

•SΔ – signal non-reinforcement

What are the two important factors that make reinforcement effective?

•Timing

–Immediate reinforcement is better than delayed reinforcement

–

•Consistency

–Consistent reinforcement is better than inconsistent reinforcement

What is continuous reinforcement? What is partial reinforcement? Which one do you need to use when you want to create a response that will resist extinction? What does it mean by partial reinforcement effect?

Continuous Reinforcement -

Partial Reinforcement - Phenomenon whereby responses that have been reinforced on variable ratio

What is the fixed ratio (FR) schedule? What is the unique characteristic of FR schedule? What is does it mean by FR 10.

•You receive reinforcement after a fixed number of responses

•Produces high rate but produces post reinforcement pause

What is the variable ratio (VR) schedule? What is the unique characteristic of VR schedule? What does it mean by VR 100?

•You receive reinforcement after a varying number of responses

•You can maintain responses with very few reinforcement

What is the fixed interval (FI) schedule? What is the unique characteristic of FR schedule? What does it mean by FI scallop?

•A fixed amount time must pass since the last reinforcement before you can respond and receive reinforcement.

•Unique – FI scallop

What is the variable interval (VI) schedule?

•A variable amount of time must pass since the last reinforcement before you can respond and receive reinforcement.

What does it mean by shaping? What is the principle that shaping is based on? What does it mean by successive approximation?

•Use the principle of successive approximation

•Principle – “Good try – this time you did better than the last time”

•Break down the final behavior into components and reinforce component – approximate the final behavior

What are the guidelines you need to keep in mind when you apply punishment?

•Do not use physical punishment

•Punish the inappropriate behavior immediately

•Positively reinforce appropriate behavior to take the place of the inappropriate behavior

•Punish specific behaviors

•Do not mix punishment with rewards for the same behavior

•Do not back down

What are the dangers of using punishment?

•Reinforcing to the punisher

•Generalized inhibiting effect

•Learning to dislike and act aggressively toward the punisher

•Criticism trap

•Does not teach appropriate behavior

What is insight learning? What is the difference between insight learning and associative learning? What is learning set?

IL - The way in which people learn thought having insights into the material being learned.

AL - A learning principle based on the belief that ideas and experiences reinforce one another.

LS - Impm. in rate of learning to solve new prob thru practice.

Which psychologist became famous for studying observational learning?

Albert Bandura

What is modeling? What are the two mechanisms that drive modeling? What is vicarious reinforcement? What is vicarious punishment?

Modeling - Learning based on ob. of the beh. of another.

VR - Ob. reinf. of the beh. of a model, which also inc. the prob. of the same beh. in the ob.

VP - Ob. pun. of the beh. of a model, which also dec, the prob. of the same beh. in the ob.

About this deck

By: Ashley Averill
Textbook:

Psychology: An Introduction
Created: 2012-02-13
Size: 47 flashcards
Views: 22

About StudyBlue

“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy