Chapter 7,8,9
Biology & Chemistry 101 with Cherry-vogt at University of Wisconsin - Stevens Point
About this deck
By: Britt Dee
Created: 2012-02-27
Size: 67 flashcards
Views: 16
Created: 2012-02-27
Size: 67 flashcards
Views: 16
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cell division
the process through which a cell copies itself
cancer
begins when the cell divides although it should not
tumor
unregulated cell division leads to this, a mass of cells with no apparent function in the body
benign
tumors that do not affect surrounding structures
malignant
tumors invade surrounding structures and are cancerous
metastasis
malignant tumors can break away and start new cancers elsewhere through this process
lymphatic system
collects fluids lost from CAPILLARIES
lymph nodes
structures that filter lost fluids, called lymph
circulatory system
after they metastasize, cells gain access to this and the heart, which allows them to travel almost anywhere in the body
What is cancer?
divide when they should not
invade surrounding tissue
move to other locations in the body
Asexual reproduction
makes exact copies, does not need two parents, single celled organisms, amoebas
DNA
before dividing a copy of this must first be made
genes
Dna is located within the nucleus and carries these, which are instructions for building the proteins that cells require
chromosomes
Dna is organized into structures called this, which can carry hundreds of genes along their length
sister chromatid
each chromosome is copied and the copy is called
centromere
sister chromatid is connected to the original DNA by this
DNA polymerase
enzyme that adds the correct base to the now single strand of DNA
sister chromatids are connected at the centromere
when an entire chromosome is copied
mitosis
dividing copied DNA. asexual division. makes new cells that are exactly the same as the original cells
cell cycle
the life cycle of the cell
three steps of cell cycle
interphase. mitosis. cytokinesis
interphase
where most of the cell's life is spent
three stages of interphase
first gap or growth phase.
synthesis phase
second gap or growth phase.
mitosis
purpose of this is to separate the sister chromatids so that each new cell has a complete set of chromosomes
steps of mitosis
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
prophase
replicated chromosomes condense
MICROTUBULES form at the POLES of the cell
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE disintegrates
Metaphase
replicated chromosomes line up across equator of the cell
microtubules attach to the centromeres
Anaphase
centromere splits
microtubules pull sister chromatids aparts towards poles
Telophase
NUCLEAR ENVELOPES reform around chromosomes
chromosomes revert to uncondensed form
Cytokinesis
the cell itself divides in half creating two identical daughter cells
cytokinesis in plant cells:
rigid CELL WALL prevents cell membrane from pinching in
CELL PLATE from vesicles made of CELLULOSE and proteins that will become a new cell wall
controls in the cell cycle
checkpoints exist in the cell cycle
cell determines if cell is ready to enter next part of cell cycle
mutations
these in the DNA can produce nonfunctioning proteins
carcinogens
mutations can be inherited or induced by exposure to these that damage DNA and chromosomes
proto-oncogenes
mutations can be in the DNA that codes for cell control proteins called
onocogenes
when mutated proto-oncogenes become
tumor suppressors
genes that carry instructions for producing proteins that stop cell division if necessary
angiogenesis
growth of blood cells caused by secretions from cancer cells
contact inhibition
in normal cells prevents them from dividing all the time, which would force the new cells to pile up on each other
Anchorage dependence
in normal cells keeps the cells in place
immortal, telomerase
cancer cells can divide indefinitely as they are THIS through the manipulation of THIS enzyme
multiple hit model
describes the process of cancer development
risk factors
having knowledge of these are important for cancer
biopsy
when cancer is suspected, the surgical removal of cells, tissue, or fluid for analysis is performed
chemotherapy
chemicals that kill dividing cells are injected into the bloodstream during this
radiation therapy
high energy particles damage DNA in this, so cells don't divide
remission
the patient is no longer suffering negative impacts from cancer after a given period
meiosis
occurs with the GONADS, or sex organs
gametes
meiosis produces sex cells called
somatic
gametes have half the chromosomes that these cells do.
karyotype
a photograph of chromosomes in pairs
autosomes
there are 22 pairs, non-sex chromosomes
homologous pairs
pairs of chromosomes that carry the same genes
alleles
specific genes on a chromosome
haploid
having only one of each kind of chromosome
zygote
meiosis producing this, (fertilized egg)
diploid
they have two of each kind of chromosome
prophase 1
homologous pairs come together
metaphase 1
the homologous pairs line up at the equatorA
Anaphase 1
homologous pairs separate
Telophase 1
nuclear envelopes reform
Prophase 2
nuclear envelopes disappear
Metaphase 2
chromosomes line up at the equator
Anaphase 2
sister chromatids separate
Telophase 2
nuclear envelopes reform
crossing over
when the homologous pairs are in prophase 1 of meiosis, they can exchange genetic information in the process of this
random assignment
when the homologous pairs line up during metaphase 1 of meiosis, the way the homologs place themselves is called
About this deck
By: Britt Dee
Created: 2012-02-27
Size: 67 flashcards
Views: 16
Created: 2012-02-27
Size: 67 flashcards
Views: 16
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis
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