Chapter 8
Educational Pyschology & Research 1 with Anstis at University of California - San Diego
About this deck
By: Tatyana Goldring
Created: 2011-02-28
Size: 98 flashcards
Views: 44
Created: 2011-02-28
Size: 98 flashcards
Views: 44
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Cognition includes
understanding, remembering, interpreting, organizing, problem solving, decision making, creating
mental representations
symbols, language, concepts, images used by the brain to accomplish cognition.
attention
the amount of attention determines how quickly we can process and accomplish cognition
cognitive/controlled task
a task that requires more conscious attention, requiring more focused attention and mental effort.
theory of observational learning
the idea that we construct a mental image that usually includes visual objects that helps us problem-solve, navigate and perform tasks. we manipulate the images themselves, changing their positions through rotation or altering certain aspects of their features.
cognitive map
mental image constructed by the brain usually visual, but could include sensory features of the place or event, or the object itself.
concepts
mental categories, collections of events, people, objects or other entities that share some important quality. concepts vary between cultures.
natural concepts
known as "fuzzy" concepts, learned from experience, such as animal, book or car. there are few or no rules for determining what belongs in the category.
artificial concepts
known as formal concepts. highly specific and based on inflexible rules or characteristics. example: academic subjects.
prototype
the best example of members in a class or category.
atypical example
an example of a concept that doesnt strongly resemble other members of the class but nonetheless belong in it.
stereotypes
social prototypes
5 categories of problem solving and decision making
compensatory, algorithmic, Trial and Error, Heuristic, insight,
7 categories that hinder the ability to solve problems
representativeness heuristic, avaliability heuristic, confirmation bias, overconfidence, anchoring bias, functional fixedness, mental set
Compensatory
involving consideration of aspects of the different solutions. we choose the solution that has the greatest number of desirable features. utilized with nonrisky decisions.
Algorithmic
involving methodical, logical rules or step-by-stop procedures that guarantee a solution will be found.
Trial and Error
trying many different solutions and discarding those that dont work. suitable when time is not a critical factor and there are only a limited number of solutions.
Heuristic
these are referred to as the "rule of thumb" strategies that can help us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently. can be used when there is no best solution or right answer. examples: working backwards or breaking the problem into steps. any rule that allows one to reduce the number of operation that are tried in solving a problem.
insight
a sudden and novel realization of the solution to a problem
representativeness heuristic
involves using the features of a prototype to make predictions or decisions about people and events.
availability heuristic
involves using the information that comes to mind first. certain this misjudgment stems from powerful emotions generated by sad events. our perception of the relative danger is inaccurate given the base rate of these occurrences. "what is most available to our memory does not always represent what is most likely to occur."
confirmation bias
referred to informally as "selective memory" it is easier to remember the evidence that supports our beliefs and assumptions and to forget that which fails to do so. these beliefs are usually developed based on our casual observations.
overconfidence
once we make a decision we tend to maintain our confidence that it is the correct one.
anchoring bias
occurs if we are given a hint or supplied with information while making our decision or choice.
functional fixedness
an inability to think about objects or situations except in terms of their usual function
Object fixating : we focus on the fact that the box is meant for holding tacks instead of just a holder for anything, and could be used to hold the candle.
mental set
all of us have a mental set, a collection of beliefs, assumptions, and perspectives. Karl Duncker
“Functional Fixedness”
Language
primary tool of human thought, forms the basis of our consciousness, gives us the ability to facilitate organized thought. organic feature of human intelligence.
which features of language make human language unique
symbols, syntax, abstraction and displacement
symbols
examples: letters, grammatical signs, phonemes (consonant-vowel comibinations) and words. fundamental part of language. create new symbols.
syntax
grammar; the rules for using the symbols of language, allows words to be used in a meaningful fashion.
abstraction and displacement
langauge allows us to represent not only the present but also refer to the past, future, and things that will never happen. we can discuss ideas and concepts that are intangible.
Language is unique in the ability humans have to
produce abstractions and engage in
nativist view of human language development
proposed by Noam Chomsky, states that language is natural, innate capability of the human brain. humans are prepared to learn language.
poverty of the stimulus
children learn language at a rate that far exceeds the small amount of exposure and teaching they receive in everyday life. there appears to be a distinct life phase during which the brain is essentially wired for language learning.
Broca's and Wenikes
two specia areas of the left hemisphere that are used for the understanding and production of languages
Loftus and Palmer
demonstrated that changing one word in the description of an event could alter people's memories of the event.
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
linguistic relativity and linguistic determinism
linguistic relativity
boundaries between concepts and categories in languages are arbitrary
linguistic determinism
our native language shapes the way we think
intelligence
construct , a general term for the range of cognitive abilities possessed by an individual
IQ
a score produced by tests that are intended to operationalize (measure) intelligence, correlates with success in school. Measures of a collection of Mental Abilities
different ways to define intelligence
behaviorist, cognitive, utilitarian
behaviorist idea of intelligence
mental abilities that allow one to learn from experience and function successfully in one's environment.
cognitive view of intelligence
the ability to judge, comprehend, and reason
utilitarian view of intelligence
the ability to understand and deal with people, objects, and symbols.
Galton
early proponent of the idea that heredity is primary determining intelligence. performed the first twin studies.
Binet
working with theodore simon created the first intelligence test for the purpose of identifying children in need of special education.
Spearman
believed that intelligence can be accurately measured and thought of the "g"- the "general intelligence factor"
"g" factor
a stable and measurable factor underlies all skills and performances that require cognitive ability
psychometric approach
the idea that intelligence can be accurately measured
savant syndrome
the person has an organic mental disease that depresses performance in many areas.
Williams syndrome
a genetic disease in which the affected person has serious limitations wiht mathematical and spatial concepts but have amazing verbal fluency and musical ability.
Raymond Cattell
believed there were two forms of the g factor
fluid intelligence
dynamic cognitive processes such as reasoning seeing patterns and relationships, using information, and finding and applying new knowledge to decision making and problem solving.
crystallized intelligence
acquired knowledge and skills that are applied in a variety of specific contexts, depending ont he nature of the activities, demands, and environments in which the person functions.
Thurstone
identified seven intellectual skill groups--clusters that appeared to be interrealated. figured out "primary mental abilities"
Multiple intelligence theory
Howard Garnder proposes the existence of 7 separate types of intelligence that according to cultural dictates are highly valued.
7 types of intelligence
logical-mathematical intelligence, linguistic intelligence, spatial intelligence, kinesthetic intelligence, musical intelligence, intrapersonal intelligence, interpersonal intelligence.
Primary mental abilities
analytic skills, practical intelligence, creative intelligence
analytical skills
cognitive skills important to school, academic, research, and scholarly pursuits. can be assessed through IQ tests
practical intelligence
cognitive skills required for everyday taks
creative intelligence
the cognitive skills needed to manage novel situations, see problems in new and different ways.
Nature vs. Nature debate on intelligence
intelligence is most likely matter of nature via nurture, not versus nurture.
nature: the biological inherited portion of intelligence
nurture: Social - usually considered family background,education, socio-economic influences, ill-defined
implications:
nature: the biological inherited portion of intelligence
nurture: Social - usually considered family background,education, socio-economic influences, ill-defined
implications:
Social programs
Head Start
School curricula
Child-rearing practices
Tests on twins
tests on identical twins show that if they were brought up in the same household their IQ scores were very similar. if they were brought up in different households the similarities of the scores still probed that IQ was depended on genes.
Adoptive children studies
IQ scores correlate more strongly with those of their biological rather than adoptive siblings, genes are stronger than environment
studies of fraternal twins
fraternal twins tend to have more similar IQs to each other than they do to other siblings even though they live in the same household.
Orphanage studies
institutional care tends to hinder development. this suggest suggests severe disadvantage does hurt children, and that nature and nurture interact in an important way. there are sensitive periods during which children require regular attention and care if they are to reach their full potential.
Flynn Effect
average IQ has been rising roughly the last fifty years.
hereditability
refers tot he extent to which differences among people can be linked to the influence of genes. the amount of variation between individuals that occurs in the presence of the uniform environment is assumed to be strictly genetic.
Is intelligence stable or does it change?
some evidence shows that intelligence is stable from about age seven onward. IQ does not change if there are no dramatic changes in the absence of trauma or disease.
Bayley scales
appear to measure physical health and development as well as cognitive skills, which seem to contribute to the level of IQ.
Is intelligence context consistent of culture bound?
it is likely that cross culturally there are variations in what is valued related to cognitive skills.
standardized
a test is standardized when all the scores are compared to an original test sample used to establish norms.
norms
scores of the original test sample, analyzed statistically so that each score is compared to the mean according to a typical range of deviation from the mean.
normal curve
a theoretical construct, it is generally assumed that any common trait in a large population is normally distributed. allow a score be compared to the whole population.
percentiles
a measure of relative position, show where a score stands relative to the scores of those persons in the standardized sample.
reliable
scores are reliable when they are produced by the test for any test taker and are consistent. if the scores fall within a close enough range, the test is considered to be reliable.
validity
the ability to assess the presence or level of the construct it claims to test. A test is VALID if it correlates with some external criterion Age is one of the important criterion. Intelligence correlates highly with age. It is used to determine IQ and intelligence.
IQ scores correlate moderately with grades in school; the correlation coefficients range from 0.3 to 0.7
socio economic stats
IQ scores correlate moderately with grades in school; the correlation coefficients range from 0.3 to 0.7
socio economic stats
On-the-job performance: IQ correlates with it (0.2 to 0.4)
Stanford-Binet Test
first IQ test with a scoring system based a sample of 5000 test takers. Requires english language fluency, adaptive method, requires individual administration
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
dividing the child's mental age according to the Binet Simon test by his or her chronological age and multiplying it by 100 to get the IQ score.
¨IQ = 100% x Mental Age / Chronological Age.
The Bell Curve-Book
writtenby Herrstein and Murry- wrote about a vigorous debate with those who maintain that environmental influences in IQ scores are very strong.
the Wechsler Scales
An individual intelligence test developed especially for adults; measures both verbal and performance (nonverbal) abilities. Also, WISC-III and WPPSI-R
His three scales, for young children, school-aged children, and adults, are the most popular individually-administered intelligence tests
will be the one used most often in identifying children for special education
Raven's Progressive Matrices
language and culture free test of reasoning ability; individual administration
Scholastic Assessment Test
english language; group-administered test that purports to predict performance in the first year of college
Binet & Simon’s method
1905 -- Dream up questions…
1905 -- Compare performance on questions to teachers’ ratings (which they realized was somewhat circular and flawed)
1908 -- Find which questions half of the 8-, 9-, 10-…year olds can answer. Test a candidate with these. If s/he answers all the 9-year old questions, his/her mental age is 9.
Intelligence Quotient (IQ):
A numerical value given to intelligence that is determined from the score on an intelligence test.
4 Types of Mental Abilities Measured by the Stanford-Binet
verbal reasoning
abstract/visual reasoning
quantitative reasoning
short-term memory
Z -score
How many standard-deviations are you above the mean?
(Score - Mean) / Standard Deviation
score = IQ
(Score - Mean) / Standard Deviation
score = IQ
example of IQ testing
Raven’s Progressive Matrices Example, Spatial reasoning, Verbal Analogies, Cultural bias in IQ testing
The concept of general intelligence
There is a general intelligence with small mental abilities surrounding it
Mental age
age of the questions the child can answer divided by the child’s actual age.
Claude Steele
IQ is due to social factors because black people feel that they are less intelligent and looked down upon. So because they feel that way they do worse. When black people who don’t feel that way were tested, they did much better on IQ test. It depends on if they are outcasts.
HOW PEOPLE REASON AND SOLVE PROBLEMS
Induction: an attempt to infer some new principle from a set of observations or facts that serve as clues
Verbal and ideational fluency
how quickly someone can think of words with a certain letter
using logic
use these:
Typicality
Typicality
Availability
Ease of recall
often ignoring basic logic, base rates
The Monty Hall Paradox
(Marilyn Vos Savant)
(Marilyn Vos Savant)
•Three doors. A Cadillac is behind one door, a turnip behind the other two doors.
•A contestant picks a door. The host, who knows there the Cadillac is, opens another door to reveal a turnip.
SHOULD THE CONTESTANT STICK OR SWITCH
problem solving
our ability to solve problems depends upon the form they are put in.
two problems are similar but...
But the second is easier to solve, because we have evolved to be good at detecting cheaters. cultural and academic bias
About this deck
By: Tatyana Goldring
Created: 2011-02-28
Size: 98 flashcards
Views: 44
Created: 2011-02-28
Size: 98 flashcards
Views: 44
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy
Kathy