Chapter 8

Psychology 1 with Gross at Stanford University

About this deck

By: Peter DeFilipps
Textbook:

Psychology (Seventh Edition)
Created: 2010-11-15
Size: 40 flashcards
Views: 28

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Recall

A type of retrieval that requires you to produce an item from memory in response to a cue or question

Recognition

A type of retrieval that requires you to judge whether you have encountered a stimulus previously

Acquisition

The processes of gaining new information and placing it in memory

Intentional Learning

Placing new information into memory in anticipation of being tested on it later

Incidental Learning

Learning without trying to learn, and often without awareness that learning is occurring

Working Memory

A term describing the status of thoughts in memory that are currently activated

Long-term Memory

The vast memory depository containing all of an individual's knowledge and beliefs---including all those not in use at any given time

Primacy Effect

In free recall, the tendency to recall the first items on the list more readily than those in the middle

Recency Effect

In free recall, the tendency to recall items at the end of the list more readily than those in the middle

Chunking

A process of reorganizing (or recoding) materials in working memory by combining a number of items into a single, larger unit

Maintenance Rehearsal

Mechanical repetition of material without thinking about its meaning or patterns

Shallow Processing

An approach to memorization that involves focusing on the superficial characteristics of the stimulus, such as the sound of a word or the typeface in which it's printed

Deep Processing

An approach to memorization that involves focusing on the meaning of the stimulus

Mnemonics

Deliberate techniques people use to memorize new materials

Memory Trace

The physical record in the nervous system that preserves a memory

Memory Consolidation

The biological process through which memories are transformed from a transient and fragile status to a more permanent and robust state; according to most researchers, consolidation occurs over the course of several hours

Retrograde Amnesia

A memory deficit, often suffered after a head injury, in which the patient loses memory for events that occurred before the injury

Retrieval

The process of searching for a memory and finding it

Tip-of-the-tongue effect

The condition in which one remains on the verge of retrieving a word or name but continues to be unsuccessful

Retrieval Clue

A hint or signal that helps one to recall a memory

Retrieval Paths

The mental connections linking one idea to the next that people use to locate a bit of information in memory

Context Reinstatement

A way of improving retrieval by re-creating the state of mind that accompanied the initial learning

Encoding Specificity

The hypothesis that when information is stored in memory, it is not recorded in its original form, but translated ("encoded") into a form that includes the thoughts and understanding of the learner

Retention Interval

The time that elapses between learning and retrieval

Forgetting Curve

The graphic pattern representing the relationship between measures of learning and the length of the retention interval; As the retention interval gets longer, memory decreases

Intrusion Errors

Memory mistakes in which elements that were not part of the original information get mixed into ("intrude" into) someone's recall

Misinformation Effect

The result of a procedure in which, after an experience, people are exposed to questions or suggestions that misrepresent what happened. The term refers to people's tendency to include the misinformation as part of their recall of the original experience

Schema

An individual's mental representation that summarizes his/her knowledge about a certain type of event or situation

DRM Paradigm

A common procedure for studying memory in which participants read and then immediately recall a list of related words, but the word providing the "theme" for the list is not included

Familiarity

A general sense that a certain stimulus has been encountered before

Recollection

Recall of the context in which a certain stimulus was encountered

Explicit Memory

Conscious memories that can be described at will and can be triggered by a direct question

Implicit Memory

Memories that we may not recall consciously, but that are still demonstrable through an indirect test

Episodic Memory

Memory for specific events and experiences

Semantic Memory

Memory for facts (including word meanings); these memories are not tied to any specific time or place

Flashbulb Memories

Vivid, detailed memories said to be produced by unexpected and emotionally important events

Anterograde Amnesia

A memory deficit suffered after some kinds of brain damage, in which the patient seems unable to form new explicit memories; however, memories acquired before the injury are spared

Procedural Knowledge

Knowledge of how to do something, such as riding a bike; expressed in behaviors rather than in words

Declarative Knowledge

Knowledge of information that can be expressed in words

About this deck

By: Peter DeFilipps
Textbook:

Psychology (Seventh Edition)
Created: 2010-11-15
Size: 40 flashcards
Views: 28

About StudyBlue

“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis