Chapter 8

StudyBlue printing of Chapter 8 html, body, div, span, applet, object, iframe, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p, blockquote, pre, a, abbr, acronym, address, big, cite, code, del, dfn, em, font, img, ins, kbd, q, s, samp, small, strike, strong, sub, sup, tt, var, b, u, i, center, fieldset, form, label, legend, table, caption, tbody, tfoot, thead, tr, th, td { margin: 0; padding: 0; border: 0; outline: 0; font-size: 100%; background: transparent; } body { line-height: 1; } blockquote, q { quotes: none; } blockquote:before, blockquote:after, q:before, q:after { content: ''; content: none; } /* remember to define focus styles! */ :focus { outline: 0; } /* remember to highlight inserts somehow! */ ins { text-decoration: none; } del { text-decoration: line-through; } /* tables still need 'cellspacing="0"' in the markup */ table { border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0; } /* end RESET */ .header { min-width:800px; } .logo { padding:6px 20px 2px 20px; margin:0; font-size:25px; font-weight:bold; color:#808285; position:relative; border-bottom: 1px solid #c5c5c5; } .logo-blue { color:#70adc4; } .logo-desc { font-weight:normal; font-size:19px; color:#cccccc; margin-top:50px; position:absolute; display: none; } .back-button { position:absolute; top:20px; right:20px; font-size:13px; line-height:25px; color:rgb(0,175,225); font-weight:normal; } .back-button a { color:rgb(0,175,225); } .instructions { padding:0; margin:0; width:100%; position:relative; color:rgb(100,100,100); } .step-holder { border-left:1px solid #ededed; margin-left:20px; } .steps { padding:15px 0; float:left; width:24%; border-right:1px solid #ededed; text-align:center; } .steps-01 { } .steps-02 { } .steps-03 { } .steps-04 { } .label { padding:5px 10px; } .print-button { } .print-button a { background-color:rgb(0,175,225); color:white; line-height: 19px; padding:9px 8px 5px 30px; font-size:14px; text-decoration:none; background-image: url(images/printer.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 7px 50%; -moz-border-radius: 5px; -webkit-border-radius: 5px; } .print-button a:hover { background-color:black; } .theNote .content { width: 8.0in !important; margin: 5px auto; padding:20px; background-color:white; } .theNote .header { border-bottom: 1px dashed #C8C8C8; font-size: 17px; padding: 0 0 10px; line-height: 19px; color: #00ADE1; min-width:500px; } .theNote .body { font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; padding: 10px 0; } .theNote{ padding:6px 0; clear:both; background-color: rgb(200,200,200); } .theNote h3{ color: rgb(100,100,100); } .theNote h1, .theNote h3{ background-color:white; padding:2px 20px; width:8.0in !important; margin: 0 auto; font-size: 15px; } .theNote h1{ padding-top: 10px; font-size: 15px; } .theNote h1:first-child{ font-size: 20px; } .theNote h3 { font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; } #options { border: 3px double #ccc; padding: 5px 12px; margin: 10px 50px 10px 20px; float: left; } #info { border-top: 1px solid #ccc; padding-top: 5px; font-style: italic; } li { margin: 5px 10px 5px 25px; } ul li { list-style: disc; } ol li { list-style: decimal; } img { border: 0; } table { clear: both; width: 100%; border: 1px solid #c5c5c5; border-width: 1px 0; margin: 0; page-break-after: always; } table#page { page-break-after: auto; } td { text-align: center; font-size: 12px; border-bottom: 1px dashed #c5c5c5; height: 1.75in; width: 50%; padding-left: 15px; } .leftside { border-right: 1px solid #cccccc; padding: 0 15px 0 0; } .bottom td { border-bottom: none; } .clearfix { clear:both; line-height:1px; height:1px; } img { max-width:80%; max-height:150px; margin:20px; } @media print {.header { display: none; } .content .header{ display:inherit; } table { border: 1px dashed #bbb; border-width: 1px 0; } .theNote{ background-color:white; } } Political Geography how a state is defined define sovereignty north korea and south korea are one state or two taiwan thinks thinks taiwan is a separate state and china thinks its part of china world agrees with taiwan western sahara morocco claims mauritania **6 largest states in order russia china canada US brazil australia!! fertile crescent - development of states Mesopotamia was organized into empires: Sumerians Assyrians Babylonians Persians Europe got most of its land by colonialism colonialism - establishes new colonies imperialism - tries to take over colonies already tied to a society (America and indians) 3 reasons Europeans colonized God, Gold, Glory United Kingdom has largest empire france has 2nd largest empire Largest remaining colonies in the world: Puerto Rico france's French Polynesia Mayotte non-members of the UN Taiwan and the Vatican compact states - efficient equal distance from the capital good communication can be established to all regions France!! prorupted - access or distribution to get to water or a sea port access to resources can separate two states that will otherwise share a boundary Democratic Republic of Congo!! elongated states - potential isolation lack of communication place capital at the center Chile!!! Italy!! perforated - surrounds another state they rely on them for important exported goods South Africa!!! Fragmented - problematic by water, other states Turkey, US (Alaska, Hawaii) landlocked states!!! most of them located in Africa (14 out of the 54) types of boundaries frontier - wild west. anybody can take that land tangible geographic area. area sparsely settled 3 types of physical boundaries Water boundaries difficult to cross. protection against attacks. cause difficulties bc the precise position of water can change (rivers). ocean boundaries are disputed and hard to see. **Law of the Sea - territorial limits at 12 nautical miles from the coast for a country to control Desert boundaries difficult to cross. sparsely inhabited. Mountains boundaries difficult to cross. permanent. sparsely inhabited 3 cultural boundaries geometric boundary northern US and Canada manmade, usually like a straight line religious boundaries British made India 2 states for Muslims and Hindus language boundaries especially in Europe Development of France Cyprus' Green Line Boundary Boundaries inside states unitary state - places most power in hands of central gvt officials few internal cultural differences. strong sense of unity. very prominent in Europe. exception - Belgium is exception bc its a small state but it's federal to accomodate 2 main cultural groups federal state- strong power to units to local gvt within the country strong global trend. very large states, local gvt possess more local authority to adopt their own laws. multinational ex. russia, canada, US, brazil, india exception - China adopted unitary system to promote communist values FRANCE - long tradition of unitary gvt, very strong national gvt dominates local gvt Electoral geography - legislation traditionally redrawn to keep districts even population. every 10 years in US Europe - boundaries drawn by independent commissions US - drawn by state legislator more bias gerrymandering - redrawing boundaries for legislative power wasted vote - spreads opposition supporters throughout many districts, but in the minority excess vote - concentrated opposition supporters into a few districts stacked vote - links distant areas of like-minded voters through likely shaped boundaries gerrymandering has been used to create districts inclined to vote for ethnic minorities. they're more likely to vote democratic. political and military cooperation UN established after WWII in 1945 by the victorious allies 3 periods when people joined 1955 mostly European countries joined bc they were liberated from nazis (16 countries) 1960 17 countries all but one former african colony of Britain or france 1990s 26 new countries added from break of soviet union in yugoslavia 5 permanent members of security council of UN china france russia former USSR UK US before UN, tried to create, the League of Nations est. after WWI problems - must rely on individual countries to supply troops bc they lack troops to keep the peace. try to remain neutral but its hard in placed like Bosnia era of 2 superpowers- cold war - US and Soviet Union relatively new idea. only 2 is weird balance of power people make alliances to restore balance of power purpose of NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) after WWII countries joined one of 2 alliances NATO alliance 16 democratic states inc. US and Canada and 14 European ones. 30 all-together Warsaw Pact - agreement Soviets and communist east european countries to defend each other designed to maintain a bipolar balance in Europe OSCE - organization on security and cooperation in Europe 55 members - US, Canada, and Russia 1975 ended conflicts in Europe OAS - Organization of American States - promotes social, cultural, political, and economic links among member states OAU - organization of african unity - elimination of minority white-ruled gvts in southern Africa commonwealth of nations - Uk and 55 former british colonies - seek economic and cultural cooperation economic cooperation Japan and Germany joined superpowers bc of economic success Russia slipped bc of economic problems leading superpower today - economic union of European states led by Germany European Union established 1958 for first 6 countries - Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands 1973 - UK, Denmark, Ireland 1981 - Greece 1986 - Portugal, Spain 1995 - Austria, Finland, and Sweden created to promote development between member states through economic cooperation. all about economic cooperation recent years - removed barriers to free trade Western Europe - world's wealthiest market other states waiting to join - Bulgaria, Romania, and Turkey 2004 - Chech Republic, estonia, hungary, latvia, lithuania, poland, and the Slovak Republic reluctant for new members bc administrative nightmares, expanding # of languages spoken in EU, dilute economic benefits that current members enjoy COMECON - Council for Mutual Economic Assistance disbanded in early 1990s after fall of communism typical terrorism acts - highjacking, bombings, kidnappings, assassinations, taking hostages why is terrorism different from other acts of political violence - aims attacks at ordinary people rather than political targets. wrong place wrong time Osama Bin Laden founded Al-Qaeda Afghanistan - bin Laden lived as guest of Taliban-controlled gvt created to unite jihad fighters in Afghanistan as well as supporters of bin Laden elsewhere in the Middle East 1996 - bin Laden declares war on US bc we supported Saudi Arabia and Israel middle east provided support for terrorism provide sanctuary for terrorists supply weapons, money, and intelligence planning attacks using terrorists Libya gave terrorists money Afghanistan sheltered bin Laden and other Al Qaeda terrorists Iraq - Saddam Hussein created weapons to be turned over to terrorists Iran - accused of harboring Al Qaeda members and trying to install a shiite gvt Britain practiced local rule and protection of local customs France practiced assimilation and the teaching of the mother country's language for its colonies Armenia is not part of the five Central Asian states of the former Soviet Union Karachay-Bakar has not been able to organize a nation-state Russia is the largest (in terms of the number of nationalities) multinational state in the world The southern half of the island nation of Cyprus is inhabited largely by ethnic Greeks Kenya is a unitary, as opposed to federal, state