Chapter 9: Theories of Social Development
Psychology 333 with Greenhoot at University of Kansas
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Sigmund Freud
Founder of psychoanalytic theory or psychosexual theory
Basic Features of Freud's Theory
He believed that in each stage, instictual drives that fuel behavior, thoughts, & feelings becomes focused in different areas of the body
Psychic energy
the biologically based, instinctual drives that fuel behavior
Erogenous zones
areas of the body that are erotically sensitive
id
the earliest & most primitive personality structure. It is unconicious & operates with the goal of seeking pleasure
oral stage
the first stage- occuring in first year, which the primary source of satisfaction & pleasure is oral activity
ego
the rational, logical, problem-solving component of personality
anal stage
the second stage- lasts 1 to 3 years of age, primary satisfaction comes from defecation
phallic stage
the third stage- lasts 3 to 6, in which sexual pleasure is focused on the genitalia
superego
consists of internalized moral standards
internalization
the process of adopting as one's own the attributes, beliefs, & standards of another person
Oedipus complex
boys sexual desire for their mothers in the phallic stage and their fear of their father of his retaliation
Electra complex
girls in the phallic stage where they develop romantic feelings for their fathers and see their mother as a rival
latency period
the fourth stage- lasts 6 to 12, sexual energy is channeled to socially acceptable activites
genital stage
the fifth stage- begins in adolescence, in sexual maturation is complete & sexual intercourse becomes a major goal
Eriksons Thoery
Basic Trust vs. Mistrust
Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt
Intuitive vs. Guilt
Industry vs. Inferiority
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt
Intuitive vs. Guilt
Industry vs. Inferiority
Identity vs. Role Confusion
John B. Watson
founder of Behaviorism
believed childrens development is determined by their social environemt
believed childrens development is determined by their social environemt
systematic desensitization
a form of therapy based on classical conditioning, useful in the treaatment of fears & phobias
behavior modification
a form of therapy based on principals of operant conditioning in which contingencies are changed to encourage more adaptive behavior
reciprocal determinism
Bandura's concept that child-environment influences operate in both directions; children are affected by aspects of their environment, but they also influence the environment
perceived self-efficacy
an individuals beliefs about how effectively they control his or her behavior, thoughts, & emotions in order to achieve desired goal
Vicarious reinforcement
observing someone else receive a reward or punishment
self-socialization
the idea that children play a very active role in their own socialization through their activity preferences, friendship choices, and so on
role taking
being aware of the perspective of another person, thereby better understanding that persons behavior, thoughts, and feelings
hostile attributional bias
in Dodge's theory, the tendency to assume that other people ambiguos actions stem from a hostile intent
mastery orientation
a general tendency to attribute success & failure to the amount of effort expended and to persist in the face of failure
helpless orientation
a general tendency to attribute success & failure to enduring aspects of the self and to give up in the face of failure
entity theory
a theory that a persons level of intelligence is fixed & unchangable
incremental theory
a theory that intelligence is not fixed & can grow as a function of experience
ethology
the study of evolutionary bases of behavior
imprinting
a form of learning in which the young of some species of newborn birds & mammals become attached to and follow adult members of the species
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