Chapter Four Carbohydrates

Nutritional Sciences 132 with Andersen at University of Wisconsin - Madison

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By: Whitney Beilke
Textbook: Nutrition - Ecology and Behavior
Created: 2009-02-15
Size: 99 flashcards
Views: 25

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structure of sugars

five or six carbon atom rings

complex starches

chains of thousands of simple sugars

refined carbohydrates

when most or all of the nutrients have been removed

Ex. white bread

sugars

the simplest form of carbs from which other carbs are made

starch

complex carbs made from chains of glucose, found in plants

sources of starch

pasta, bread, rice, potatoes

fiber

complex carb similar to starch, but not absorbed by humans bcuz the monosaccharides are joined by chemical bonds that the human body can't break

General Formula of a carb

CnH2nOn n= 6 to 1000's

ose =?

sugar/carb

simple sugars

simplest carbs including monosaccharides and disaccharides

monosaccharides

simple sugar that consists of a single ring structure and six carbon atoms (hexagon)

Three examples of Monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, and galactose (glucose and galactose 6 sided fructose 5sided)

Sources of glucose

fruits, honey, sweet corn, found in the bloodstream

sources of fructose

fruit, honey, sucrose, enters bloodstream

galactose contains what?

lactose

Disaccharides

simple sugar composed of two monosaccharides bonded together

Three examples of disaccharides

sucrose, maltose, and lactose

sucrose structure and sources

one glucose + one fructose

sugar cane, sugar beets, fruit, honey, and maple syrup

Maltose structure and how it is made?

2 glucose molecules

made from the breakdown of starch

sources of maltose

barley malt syrup, yeast ferments it to make alcohol

lactose structure and sources?

glucose + galactose

breastmilk and dairy products

All carbohydrates come from plants except

lactose

complex carbs

carbs made of polymers of simple sugars (polysaccharides)

Examples of complex carbs

starch and fiber

oligosaccharide

complex carb made of a few sugars joined together, fewer than starch

Examples of oligosaccharides and sources?

raffinose and stachyose

legumes and some vegetables

Polymer

chemical compound formed from multiple units of a simpler substance assembled in a repetative fashion

maltodextrins/dextrins

short glucose polymers produced by the digestion of starch, used as mild sweeteners and carb source in sports drinks

amylose

common type of starch with linear structure and few branches

amylopectin

common form of starch with a branched structure and acts as a thickener

Sources of starch

grain (wheat, oats, rice, corn, barly, legumes, veggies, potatoes)

Glycogen

complex glucose polymer similar to starch that is found in the liver and muscles

What is the last carbohydrate that the body breaks down?

glycogen -- important for high intensity exercise

cellulose

glucose polysaccharide that is indegestible by humans because we don't have the enzyme to break the bonds; is digestible to ruminant animals

ruminant

member of family including cattle, sheep, and goats possessing a digestive tract capable of breaking down cellulose

Insoluble fiber

fiber that doesn't dissolve in water

function of insoluble fiber

absorbs water, swells, and adds bulk to the intestinal contents and allow plants to stand upright

examples of insoluble fiber

hemi-cellulose and cellulose

sources of insoluble fiber

whole grains, vegetables and fruits with edible seeds

lignin

insoluble fiber that isn't a polysaccharide, found in the woody portion of plants

What part of the seed is most of the fiber found in?

the bran

soluble fiber

fiber that dissolves in water; forms a gel that make the intestinal contents more viscous

3 examples of soluble fiber

pectin, beta-glucan, and gums & mucilages

pectin

soluble fiber used to make jellies made from galactose

beta-glucan

soluble fiber, glucose polymer found in oats

gums and mucilages

forms of soluble fiber similar to pectin that add body to foods

Sources of soluble fiber

oats, barley, rice, and legumes

Main function of carbohydrates

fuel

Brains cell and red blood cells need ______ to function?

glucose

What happens when cells don't get enough carbs?

break down lean tissue (muscle) to get energy

What happens when cells have too many carbs?

your body stores the extra as glycogen, when that is full, convert the rest to fat and store as adipose tissue

adipose

tissue that stores fat

mucosa

cells lining the intestinal tract

Lactose intolerance is caused by?

lactase insufficiency

Symptoms of lactose intolerance

bloating, diarrhea, cramping, flatuence

cells receive most of their carbs as?

glucose

gluconeogenesis

process by which the body forms glucose from amino acids
(break down muscle mass and slow metabolic rate)

glucagon

hormone which raises blood sugar by triggering glycogen breakdown and release by gluconeogenesis

epinephrine

hormone released in response to stress or perceived danger, raises blood sugar (fight or flight)

Insulin

hormone released by the pancreas that lowers blood sugar by taking glucose from the blood stream back into the cells

hypoglycemia

low blood sugar levels

most common type of hypoglycemia?

post prandial hypoglycemia

post-prandial hypoglycemia

after a meal the pancreas produces an excessive amount of insulin

post-prandial hypoglycemia symptoms

fatique, shaky, irritability, and sweating

Diabetes mellitus

high blood sugar disorder

Type 1 Diabetes

pancreas stops producing insulin because the immune system kills off insulin producing cells

"juvenile onset diabetes"

type 1

3 results of type 1 diabetes

polyphagia, polydipsia, and polyuria

polyphagia

excessive hunger

polydipsia

excessive thirst

polyuria

excessive urination

How do you treat Type 1 diabetes?

insulin injections (fatal without)

Type II diabetes

insulin resistance (the body's cells can't use it)

type II Diabetes is correlated with?

obesity

How is Type II diabetes treated?

weight loss (10-15 lbs. will lower levels)

gestational diabetes

occurs during pregnancy as a result of insulin resistance

glycemic effect

the ability of carb-containing food to raise blood sugar

Which carbs have the lowest glycemic effect?

starches and soluble fibers

glycemic index

measure glycemic effect by comparing it to pure glucose

glucose has a glycemic index of?

100

fiber reduces/raises glycemic effect?

reduces

Added sugars reduce/increase nutrient density?

reduce

nutrient- density

measure of amount of nutrients found in a given number of calories for a particular food

Americans consume ___% of energy from refined sugars?

diverticular disease

outpouching of the inestine caused by high pressures due to a low fiber diet

Sources of carbs

grains, fruits, vegetables, and milk

How many grams of carbs should you consume a day?

130

ketosis

abnormally acidic state in the body caused by an accumulation of the breakdown products of fat (ketone bodies)

Ketosis is caused by?

low carb diets, starvation, and diabetes

Women have an average of ___ grams of fiber a day?

Men have an average of ___ grams of fiber a day?

Added sugars should be less than ___% of your diet?

Over ___% of your total kcals should be as carbs

Most of your carbs should be from ?

starch

Glycogen is stored in the?

liver

comercially bought enzyme

lactaid

fortification

add nutrients into food that were not previously present

enrichment

add nutrients back into food that were lost

About this deck

By: Whitney Beilke
Textbook: Nutrition - Ecology and Behavior
Created: 2009-02-15
Size: 99 flashcards
Views: 25

About StudyBlue

“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy