Chapters 18-21
Anatomy & Physiology 806 177 804 with Ihel at Chippewa Valley Technical College
About this deck
By: Sondra Gruenwald
Textbook: Principles of Anatomy and Physiology 12th Edition Atlas and Registration Card Binder Ready Version with Cat Dissection Manual and Lab Manual for A&P 3rd Edition Set
Created: 2011-04-03
Size: 135 flashcards
Views: 48
Textbook: Principles of Anatomy and Physiology 12th Edition Atlas and Registration Card Binder Ready Version with Cat Dissection Manual and Lab Manual for A&P 3rd Edition Set
Created: 2011-04-03
Size: 135 flashcards
Views: 48
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Endocrinology
study of the endocrine system
Hormone
secretion of endocrine cells that alters the physiological activity of target cells of the body
Negative Feedback
body secretes a hormone to reverse or fix a change in homeostasis
Positive Feedback
body secretes a hormone to strengthen/increase a change in homeostasis
Synergistic Effect
two or more hormones have a stronger effect together than either hormone alone
Antagonistic Effect
two or more hormones have opposite effects
Hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
Goiter
- enlarged thyroid gland due to thyroid disorder or low amount of iodine in the diet
- may be present in both overactive and under-active thyroids
Hypoglycemia
decreased blood glucose levels
Hyperglycemia
increased blood glucose levels
Diabetes Mellitus
group of disorders caused by the inability to produce or use insulin
Gestational Diabetes
diabetes caused by hormone changes during pregnancy
Functions of the Endocrine System
- Maintain Homeostasis
- Regulate metabolism
- Control growth and development
- regulate reproduction
Exocrine Glands
- not part of the endocrine system
- secrete products into ducts
- have a local effect
Endocrine Glands
- Ductless glands
- Distant effects
- secrete hormones into bloodstream
Endocrine vs. Nervous Systems
Mediator Molecule: hormones Neurotransmitters
Delivery Method: bloodstream released at a synapse during a nerve impulse
Speed of action: slow effect fast effect
Types of target cells: specific receptors for the hormone muscle, gland, neurons
Duration of action: long lasting effect is shorter
Delivery Method: bloodstream released at a synapse during a nerve impulse
Speed of action: slow effect fast effect
Types of target cells: specific receptors for the hormone muscle, gland, neurons
Duration of action: long lasting effect is shorter
Define the two types of Hormones
- Steroids: liquid soluble hormones; fat soluble; cross the cell membrane and bind to receptors inside the cell
- Nonsteroids: water soluble hormones; not fat soluble; cannot cross the cell membrane, they instead bind to receptors on the cell surface
Prostaglandins
found in virtually all body cells except red blood cells, where they act as local hormones in response to chemical or mechanical stimuli
Anterior Pituitary Gland produces what hormone(s)?
- Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone - MSH:stimulates production and release of melanin
- Growth Hormone - GH
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone aka thyrotropin - TSH:stimulates thyroid gland to produce T3 and T4
- Follicle-stimulating hormone - FSH:female egg production; male sperm production
- Luteinizing hormone - LH:female ovulation; male testosterone production
- Prolactin - PRL:female initiates milk production; male thought to encourage nurturing
- Adrenocorticotropic hormon also known as corticotropin - ACTH
Posterior Pituitary Gland produces what hormone(s)?
- Oxytocin : stimulate uterine contraction and milk let-down; males no known cause
- Antidiuretic hormone - ADH : reduces water loss, increases blood pressure
Pancreas - Alpha Cells produces what hormone(s)?
Glucagon : increases blood glucose levels
Pancreas - Bata Cells produces what hormone(s)?
Insulin : decreases blood glucose levels
Pancreas - Delta Cells produces what hormone(s)?
Somatostatin : inhibits the release of growth hormone
Thyroid Gland produces what hormone(s)?
- Triiodothyronine (T3) : increases BMR, cell metabolism, growth and development
- Thyroxine (T4) : increases BMR, cell metabolism, growth and development
- Calcitonin : decreases blood calcium
Parathyroid Gland produces what hormone(s)?
Parathyroid hormone : increases blood calcium
Pineal Gland produces what hormone(s)?
Melatonin : regulates mood, sexual development, daily sleep and wake cycles
Adrenal Cortex produces what hormone(s)?
- Mineral Corticoids (aldosterone) : increases sodium ion and water reabsorption; increases excretion of potassium ions and hydrogen ions
- Glucocorticoids : increase protein breakdown
- Dehydroepiandrosterone - DHEA : females converted to source of estrogen after menopause; causes pre-puberty hair growth and is a precursor for estrogen and testosterone
Adrenal Medulla produces what hormone(s)?
- Epinephrine
- Norepinephrine
- increases blood pressure, respiration rate, blood flow to hear and skeleton, and dilation of airways and pupils (involved in fight or flight response)
Testes produces what hormone(s)?
Testosterone
Ovaries produces what hormone(s)?
- Estrogen
- Progesterone
- Relaxin : involved in dilation of cervix during labor and delivery, increases flexibility of pubic symphysis during pregnancy
What causes Acromegly and Dwarfism?
Hyposecretion of GH (growth hormone)
What causes Gigantism?
Hypersecretion of GH (growth hormone)
What causes diabetes insipidus?
Hyposecretion of ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
What causes congenital hypothyroidism and myxedema?
Hyposecretion of the thyroid hormones
What causes graves disease?
Hypersecretion of thyroid hormones
What causes diabetes mellitus?
Hyposecretion
Symptoms of diabetes mellitus
- excessive urine production (polyuria)
- urine contains glucose (glucosuria)
- excessive thirst (polydipsia)
- excessive eating (polyphagia)
- elevated blood glucose (hyperglycemia)
Difference between Diabetes mellitus type 1 and type 2
Type 1: diagnosed in people <20; requires insulin injections
Type 2: diagnosed in overweight people >35; noninsulin dependent
Type 2: diagnosed in overweight people >35; noninsulin dependent
Hemoglobin
oxygen carrying protein inside the red blood cell
Oxyhemoglobin
hemoglobin carrying O2
Deoxyhemoglobin
hemoglobin with no oxygen
Erythropoiesis
the production of red blood cells that starts in the red bone marrow
CBC
Complete Blood Count
- #RBCs
- #WBCs
- #Platelets
- amount of hemoglobin
Hemostasis
sequence of responses that stops bleeding
- Vascular Spasm
- Platelet plug formation
- Blood clotting (coagulation)
Clot Retraction
fibrin threads are pulled together which brings the edges of the wound together
Fibrinolysis
process that uses plasmin to dissolve clots once the damage is repaired
Anticoagulants
medicine that prevents clotting; often given to prevent a second heart attack or stroke
Thrombosis
blood clots when its not supposed to
Embolus
a blood clot, bubble of air, fat from broken bones, or a piece of debris transported by the bloodstream
Hemorrhage
massive loss of blood; can be life-threatening
Hemophilia
inherited clotting disorder which causes excessive bleeding
RH factor
- an antigen (protein) that is either present/absent on RBCs
- Rh+ has the antigen; Rh- does not
- Rh- people produce antibodies against Rh+ blood
Anemia
condition in which the number of RBCs or hemoglobin is decreased
Mononucleosis
viral infection that results in the production of too many lymphocytes
Leukemia
red bone marrow cancer in which there is an abnormally high number of WBCs
Immunoglobulins
Antibodies that protect against viruses and bacteria
Functions of Blood
- Transportation
- Protection
- Regulation
What substances make up the blood?
- Plasma - 55%
- Formed elements - 45%
- RBC
- WBC
- Platelets
List the types of plasma proteins and their functions
- Albumin: maintains fluid balance; transports substances
- Globulins:
- Alpha/Beta Globulins - transport substances;
- Immunoglobulins - protect against viruses and bacteria
- Fibrinogen: blood clotting
Erythrocytes
AKA RBCs
- Carry O2
- Carry some CO2
- Can decrease blood pressure by releasing nitric oxide
Neutrophils
- First to arrive at infection site
- perform phagocytosis of bacteria and debris
Monocytes
- Monocytes develop into macrophages which perform phagocytosis
- Fixed Macrophages - stay in tissue
- Wandering macrophages - travel to the site of infection
Eosinophils
- Fight parasitic worms
- Involved in reducing allergic reactions
Basolphils
- Secrete histamine - chemical involved in inflammation and allergic reactions
- Secrete Heparin - chemical that is an anticoagulant (prevents blood clotting)
B Cells
secrete antibodies during the immune response
T Cells
- Cytotoxic T Cells - attack viruses, cancer cells, and transplant organs during the immune response
- Helper T Cells - some stimulate B Cells to produce antibodies, others stimulate macrophage activation
Thrombocytes
AKA Platelets
- form a platelet plug which stops bleeding
- promote clotting formation
List the 5 types of Leukocytes
Granular
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
3 steps involved in blood clotting
- formation of fibrin threads
- sequence of chemical reactions which require clotting factors and vitamin K to convert fibrinogen to fibrin
- takes one of two pathways
- extrinsic pathway: damage to cells outside vessel
- Intrinsic pathway: damage inside vessel
What are the 3 anticoagulant drugs?
- Heparin
- Coumadin
- Aspirin
What are the 4 common blood types?
Type A
Type B
Type AB
Types O
Type B
Type AB
Types O
Which blood type is the universal recipient and which is the universal donor?
Universal Recipient: AB+
Universal Donor: O-
Universal Donor: O-
What are the causes of the 4 types of anemia?
Iron-deficiency Anemia: caused by lack of iron
Pernicious Anemia: caused by vit. B12 deficiency
Hemolytic Anemia: caused by premature rupture of RBCs
Aplastic Anemia: destruction of bone marrow results in inability to produce RBCs
Pernicious Anemia: caused by vit. B12 deficiency
Hemolytic Anemia: caused by premature rupture of RBCs
Aplastic Anemia: destruction of bone marrow results in inability to produce RBCs
Cardiology
the study of the heart
Pericardium
double membrane that surrounds and protects the heart
Pericarditis
inflammation of the paricardium
Cardiac Tamponade
life threatening build-up of pericardial fluid that compresses the heart
Atrium
superior chambers of the heart: left and right atria
Auricle
wrinkled pouch-like structure that increases how much blood an atrium can hold
Interatrial Septum
wall that separates right and left atria
Ventricles
Inferior chambers of the heart: right and left
Interventricular Septum
wall that separates the right and left ventricles
Heart Murmur
abnormal sound that often indicates a leaky valve
Coronary Artery (heart) Disease
disease where atherosclerosis (fatty plaques/deposits) in the coronary arteries and blocks flow to the heart
Ischemia
partial blockage of blood flow to the heart
Angina Pectoris
chest pain
Myocardial Infarction
Heart attack - complete obstruction of blood flow to the heart
EKG
Electrocardiogram - used to diagnose various heart disorders such as arrhythmias or heart attacks
Arrhythmia
irregular heart rhythms
Bradycardia
heart beats too slow - resting heart rate of less than 50-60 bpm
Tachycardia
heart beats too fast
Ventricular Fibrillation
uncoordinated contraction of ventricular fibers; causes cardiac arrest
Defibrillation
strong, brief electrical current is passed to the heart and often can stop teh ventricular fibrillation
Cardiac Cycle
what happens during one heart beat is called:____________
Systole
Contraction of the heart
Diastole
Relaxation of the heart
Pulse
a wave of pressure in an artery caused by ventricular systole
Cardiac Output
the volume of blood pumped each minute by a ventricle
Heart Rate
number of heart beats per minute (bpm)
Congestive Heart Failure
heart fails to pump enough blood
Function of the Heart
pump blood throughout the body
Name the 3 layers of the heart
Epicardium - outer layer of the heart
Myocardium - middle layer of the heart; made of cardiac muscle
Endocardium - inner layer of the heart; lines the chambers
Myocardium - middle layer of the heart; made of cardiac muscle
Endocardium - inner layer of the heart; lines the chambers
Name the Atrioventricular Valves
Tricuspid Valve - right AV (3 cusps)
Bicuspid Valve - left AV (2 cusps)
Bicuspid Valve - left AV (2 cusps)
Name the Semilunar Valves
Pulmonary Valve
Aortic Valve
Aortic Valve
Which side of the heart is responsible for pulmonary and systemic circulation? Where does the blood go?
Right side of the heart is responsible for pulmonary circulation
It pumps blood to and from the lungs
Left side of the heart is responsible for systemic circulation
It pumps the blood to and from the rest of the body
It pumps blood to and from the lungs
Left side of the heart is responsible for systemic circulation
It pumps the blood to and from the rest of the body
Coronary Arteries
bring blood to heart muscle (myocardium)
Coronary Veins
carry blood away from hear muscle (myocardium)
Problems that coronary artery disease can lead to and what are some risk factors?
Can lead to:
- Ischemia
- Angina Pectoris
- Myocardial Infarction (heart attack)
- high cholesterol
- high blood pressure
- smoking
- obesity
- diabetes
- family history
- age
- gender
Intercalated Disks
communicate signals so heart muscle fibers all contract at the SAME time
Where does the heart beat start and list in order the structures that the heart beat spreads through
- Heart beat starts in the Sinoatrial (SA) node - aka pacemaker)
- Atrioventricular (AV) node
- Atrioventricular (AV) bundle - aka bundle of His
- Purkinje Fibers
Artery
blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to the body
Vasoconstriction
decrease in the diameter of the blood vessel
Vasodilation
increase in the diameter of a blood vessel
Anastomosis
when two or morearteries joint to supply the same body region (provides an alternate blood supply to the area)
Aneurysm
thin, weakened section of a blood vessel that bulges and can eventually burst
Arteriole
very small arteries that connect arteries capillaries
Precapillary sphincter
a ring of smooth muscle that controls blood flow into capillaries
Capillaries
microscopic blood vessels where the exchange of nutrients, wastes, and gases takes place
Venule
very small veins that connect capillaries to veins
Vein
blood vessel that carries blood to the heart
Venous Return
return of blood to the heart
Varicose veins
leaky valves that cause blood to pool in veins
Blood Pressure
pressure/force exerted by blood on blood vessel walls
Systolic Blood Pressure
highest pressure caused by ventricular systole (120/80)
Diastolic Blood Pressure
lowest pressure during ventricular diastole (120/80)
Shock
inadequate blood flow to the tissues
symptoms: low BP, rapid heart rate, rapid and weak pulse, rapid and shallow breathing, clammy and pale skin
symptoms: low BP, rapid heart rate, rapid and weak pulse, rapid and shallow breathing, clammy and pale skin
Hypertension
high blood pressure (over 140/90)
Foramen Ovale
opening in interatrial septum
Ductus Arteriosus
temporary blood vessel that connects pulmonary trunk to aorta
3 Layers (tunics) that make up the artery wall
- Tunica Interna (intima) - smooth inner layer of artery wall
- Tunica Media - thick, middle, elastic layer
- Tunica Externa (Adventitia) - outer layer
State the normal, prehypertensive, and hypertensive ranges for blood pressure
Normal: 100/60 - 119/79
Prehypertensive: 120/80 - 139/89
Hypertensive: over 140/90
Prehypertensive: 120/80 - 139/89
Hypertensive: over 140/90
Treatments for Hypertension:
- lose weight
- medication
- limit alcohol
- don't smoke
- exercise
- reduce stress
- reduce salt and fat intake
Hepatic Portal Vein
receives blood from capillaries of GI organs and spleen and delivers it to the liver
List the structures found only in fetal circulation and explain what happens after a child is born
- all fetal structures close after birth
Foramen Oval: closes and leaves a depression called the Fossa Ovalis
Ductus Arteriosus: becomes Ligamentum arteriosum
About this deck
By: Sondra Gruenwald
Textbook: Principles of Anatomy and Physiology 12th Edition Atlas and Registration Card Binder Ready Version with Cat Dissection Manual and Lab Manual for A&P 3rd Edition Set
Created: 2011-04-03
Size: 135 flashcards
Views: 48
Textbook: Principles of Anatomy and Physiology 12th Edition Atlas and Registration Card Binder Ready Version with Cat Dissection Manual and Lab Manual for A&P 3rd Edition Set
Created: 2011-04-03
Size: 135 flashcards
Views: 48
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj
Naj