Chapters 22-24

AP Biology with Orlinsky at Warren High School

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Created: 2012-02-22
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Five conditions of non evolving population

Extremely large population size
No gene flow
No mutations
Random mating
No natural selection

Three major factors that alter allele frequencies

Natural Selection

Genetic Drift

Gene Flow

Bottleneck effect

a sudden change in the environment that may drastically reduce the size of a population.
The resulting gene pool may no longer be reflective of the original population’s gene pool.

Founder effect

Occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population

Neutral variation

Genetic variation that appears to grant no selective advantage

Carolus Linnaeus

Developed:

taxonomy - branch of biology dedicated to naming and classification of all forms of life
binomial nomenclature - two part naming system that includes the organism's genus and species

Hyacinth Macaw - Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus

Catastrophism

Principle that events in the past occurred suddenly and by different mechanisms than those occurring today

explains boundaries between strata and location of different species

Uniformitarianism

The idea that the geologic processes that have shaped the planet have not changed over the course of earth's history

Use and disuse

The idea that parts of the body that are used extensively become larger and stronger, while those that are not used deteriorate

Artificial Selection

describes intentional breeding for certain traits, or combination of traits.

Natural selection

Process in which individuals that have certain heritable characteristics survive and reproduce at a higher rate than other individuals

Evidence for evolution

Direct observations
The fossil record
Homology
Biogeography

Homologous structures

anatomical signs of evolution

shows evidence of relatedness

Embryonic homologies

Comparison of early stages of animal development reveals many anatomical homologies in embryos the are not visible in adult organisms.

Vestigial organs

structures of marginal, if any, importance to the organism

Molecular homologies

Shared characteristics on the molecular level

Convergent evolution

Explains why distantly related species can resemble one another

Analagous structures

similar solutions to similar problems but do not indicate close relatedness

Biogeography

Geographic distribution of a species

Species in a discrete geographic area tend to be more closely related to each other than to species in distant geographic areas

Microevolution

Change in the allele frequencies of a population over generations

Evolution on it's smallest scale

Mutations

Only source of new genes and new alleles

Point mutations

Changes in one base in a gene

Ex. Sickle-cell disease

Chromosomal mutations

Delete, disrupt, duplicate or rearrange many loci at once.

Most genetic variations occur...

within a population are due to the sexual recombination of alleles that already exist in a population

Population genetics

Study of how populations change genetically over time

Gene pool

All of the alleles at all loci in all the members of a population

Relative fitness

The contribution an organism makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contributions of other members.

Directional selection

Individuals with one extreme of a phenotypic range are favored, shifting the curve toward this extreme.

Disruptive selection

Occurs when conditions favor individuals on both extremes of a phenotypic range rather than individuals with intermediate phenotypes.

Stabilizing selection

acts against both extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate variants

Diploidy

having pairs of homologous chromosomes so that twice the haploid number is present

Heterozygote advantage

individuals who are heterozygous at a certain locus have an advantage for survival.

Speciation

the process by which new species arise

Microevolution

change in the genetic makeup of a population from generation to generation. Refers to adaptations that are confined to a single gene pool.

Macroevolution

the evolutionary level above the species level

Reproductive isolation

the existence of biological barriers that impede members of two species from producing viable, fertile hybrids.

Prezygotic

Prevents fertilization

Postzygotic

Prevents a fertilized egg from turning into a fertile adult

Habitat isolation

two species can live in the same geographic are but not in the same habitat; this will prevent from the mating

Behavioral isolation

some species use certain signals or types of behavior to attract mates, and these signals are unique to their species

Temporal isolation

species may breed at different times of day, different seasons, or different years, and this can prevent them from mating

Mechanical isolation

species may be anatomically incompatible

Gametic isolation

even if the gametes of two species do meet, they might be unable to fuse to form a zygote

Allopatric speciation

In which a population forms a new species because it is geographically isolated from the parent population.

Sympatric isolation

A small part of a population becomes a new population without being geographically separated from the parent population

Adaptive radiation

is the evolution of ecological and phenotypic diversity within a rapidly multiplying lineage

Gradualism

species descend from a common ancestor and gradually diverge more and more in morphology as they acquire unique adaptations.

Punctuated equilibrium

A term used to describe periods of apparent stasis punctuated by sudden change observed in the fossil record.

About this deck

By: Jaime Cordova
Created: 2012-02-22
Size: 48 flashcards
Views: 18

About StudyBlue

“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis