Chapters 6 and 8-3.ppt

(c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapters 6 and 8 Socioemotional Development in Early, Middle and Late Childhood Power points modified by Dr. Nownes (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Self-Understanding Erikson?s third stage: Initiative versus Guilt governor of initiative is conscience initiative leads not only to _rewards_but also guilt, which _lowers_self-esteem Early self-understanding involves self-recognition Young children think that the self can be described by many _physical_characteristics, such as size, shape, and color About 4 to 5 years of age, they begin to include _psychological_ traits and emotion terms in their own self-descriptions (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Emotional Development To experience self-conscious emotions, children must be able to refer to _themselves_ and be aware of themselves as distinct from others Important changes in _emotional_ development: increased ability to talk about one?s own and others? emotions increase the number of terms they use to describe emotions (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Development of Self-Understanding   Children increasingly describe themselves with _emotional__characteristics and traits. They become more likely to recognize _other_aspects of the self. _More_likely to distinguish themselves from others in comparative rather than in absolute terms Realizing the strengths and weaknesses of others (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Self-Esteem and Self-Concept   Self-esteem -- _global_ evaluations of the self; self-worth or self-image Self-esteem reflects perceptions that do not always match reality Self-concept -- domain-specific evaluations of the self Children self-evaluate in many _domains_of their lives -- academic, athletic, appearance Tend to be more accurate How do we help children with self-esteem? Help find ways to help kids feel competent Don?t tell them they?re the best at something when they?re not (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Erikson?s 4th Stage: Industry Versus Inferiority   Industry -- becoming interested in how things are _made_ and how they _work_ When children are _encouraged_in their efforts, their sense of industry increases Parents who see their children?s efforts at making things as ?mischief? or ?making a mess? foster a sense of inferiority in their children (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Self-Efficacy and Self-Regulation Self-efficacy -- belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes Self-efficacy influences a student?s _choice_ of activities Self-regulation -- deliberate efforts to manage one?s behavior, _emotions_, and thoughts that lead to increased social competence and achievement (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Emotion-Coaching and Emotion-Dismissing Parents   Emotion-coaching parents monitor their children?s emotions, view their children?s _negative_emotions as opportunities for teaching, assist them in labeling emotions, and coach them in how to deal effectively with emotions Emotion-dismissing parents view their role as to deny,_ignore_, or change negative emotions (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Emotions and Peer Relationships Emotions -- strong role in determining the _success_of a child?s peer relationships Ability to modulate one?s emotions is an important skill that _benefits_ relationships with peers moody and emotionally negative children experience rejection by their peers positive children are more _popular_ (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Developmental Changes in Emotion Increased understanding that more than one emotion can be _experienced_in a particular situation Increased awareness of the events _leading_ to emotional reactions Ability to suppress or conceal _negative_ emotional reactions The use of self-initiated strategies for _redirective_feelings A capacity for genuine_empathy_ (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Moral Development Moral development -- development of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding _rules_ and _conventions_ about what people should do in their interactions with other people Empathy -- responding to another person?s feelings with an emotion that echoes the other?s feelings (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Piagetian Moral Development Piaget (1932) theorized how thinking about moral issues was stimulated Ages 4 - 7: heteronomous morality -- children think of justice and rules as __unchanging__ properties of the world, removed from the control of people 7 - 10 years of age, children are in a transition 10 years and older: autonomous morality -- aware that rules and laws are _created_ by people (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Moral Development According to Piaget, older children: consider the intentions of the individual believe that rules are subject to change are aware that punishment does not always follow wrongdoing Based on Piaget, Kohlberg proposed six stages of moral development which he believed are universal (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Situational Behavior Behavioral and social cognitive researchers emphasize that what children do in one situation is often only __________related to what they do in other situations The totally __________ child was virtually nonexistent, as was the totally dishonest child Ability to resist temptation is _________tied to the development of self-control (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Moral Development: The Kohlberg Stages Kohlberg proposed six stages of moral development which he believed are universal Preconventional reasoning -- children ________________ good and bad in terms of external rewards and punishments Conventional reasoning -- individuals apply certain_____________, but they are the standards set by others, such as parents or the government Postconventional reasoning -- individuals recognize alternative moral courses, explore the_____________, and then decide on a personal moral code (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Kohlberg?s Critics Key criticisms involve link between moral ____________ and moral________________ roles of culture and the __________ in moral development significance of concern for others Kohlberg?s theory misses or misconstrues some moral concepts in particular cultures (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Kohlberg?s Substages Preconventional reasoning Stage 1. Heteronomous morality Stage 2. Individualism, _____________purpose, and exchange Conventional reasoning Stage 3. Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity Stage 4. ____________ systems morality Postconventional reasoning Stage 5. Social contract or ____________ and individual rights Stage 6. Universal ____________ principles (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Gender and the Care Perspective She argues that Kohlberg?s theory reflects a gender bias Kohlberg?s theory is based on a ________ norm that puts abstract principles above relationships and concern for others In contrast to Kohlberg?s justice perspective, Gilligan argues for a care perspective (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Prosocial Behavior   Study of prosocial moral behavior emphasizes behavioral aspects of moral development ____________ is one aspect of prosocial behavior by the elementary school years, children express objective ideas about fairness (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Gender Gender -- social and _____________________ dimensions of being male or female Gender identity -- sense of being male or female Gender roles --  sets of _________________that prescribe how females or males should think, act, and feel Social cognitive theory of gender -- by observing and imitating and through being rewarded and punished Gender ___________Theory gender typing emerges as children gradually develop gender schemas of what is gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate in their culture (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Gender Stereotypes, Similarities and Differences Gender stereotypes -- broad categories that reflect _____________ impressions and beliefs about females and males Similarities and differences between boys and girls -- bear in mind? the differences are_______________ even when differences are reported, there is considerable gender overlap the differences may be due primarily to biological and/or sociocultural factors (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Parental Influence on Gender Development By action and by example, parents influence their children?s gender development Mothers? Socialization Strategies ? Fathers? Socialization Strategies -- (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Peer Influences on gender Peers extensively reward and punish gender behavior peers often reject children who act in a manner that is characteristic of the other gender Greater pressure for boys to conform than girls Differences in group size (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Developmental Changes in Peer Relations Reciprocity becomes especially important in peer interchanges Amount of time spent in _________ interaction with peers increases Size of their peer group____________ Peer interaction is less closely supervised by adults Until age 12, same-sex peer groups are preferred (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Functions of Friendships Children?s friendships can serve six functions companionship  stimulation physical support ego support social comparison affection and intimacy Intimacy in friendships -- characterized by self-disclosure and the sharing of ___________ thoughts (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Socioemotional Development   Boys are more physically ___________________ than girls girls tend to be more verbally aggressive there are no definitive findings on relational aggression -- behaviors such as spreading malicious ____________ or ignoring someone when angry Boys are more likely to __________ negative emotions Girls are _________ likely to express disappointment that might hurt others? feelings (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Peer Status Sociometric status -- describes the extent to which children are liked or disliked by their peer group 5 peer statuses Popular children Average children Neglected children Rejected children Controversial children (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Being Popular Popular children give out reinforcements listen carefully maintain _________ lines of communication with peers are happy and control their negative emotions show enthusiasm and _________ for others are self-confident without being conceited (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Other Statuses Neglected children -- low rates of interaction with their peers; often described as shy by peers Rejected children often have more serious ______________ problems than those who are neglected (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Bullying Bullied children reported more loneliness and difficulty in making friends Aggressive children may be the targets because their behavior is irritating to bullies Victims of bullies had: a), b), c), d) Those who did the bullying were more likely to have a poor academic record and to __________ and drink alcohol (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Reducing Bullying Teachers and schools can employ several strategies Get _______ peers to serve as monitors Develop school-wide rules and sanctions against bullying and post them Incorporate the message of the anti-bullying program into other community activities Identify bullies and victims__________ Use social skills training to improve bullies? behavior (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Parenting Styles Diana Baumrind (1971) has described four types of parenting styles authoritarian parenting ? authoritative parenting -- neglectful parenting -- indulgent parenting -- (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Corporal Punishment Corporal (physical) punishment Use of corporal punishment is legal in __________state in America Individuals in the United States and Canada were among those with the _________favorable attitudes toward corporal punishment and were the most likely to remember it being used by their parents (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Consequences of Corporal Punishment Corporal punishment is associated with higher levels of ___________compliance, but also with _________aggression by the children lower levels of __________internalization and mental health more adjustment problems spanking before age 2 was related to ________________problems in middle and late childhood (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Reasons to Avoid Physical Punishment Parents who spank present children with an out-of-control model which the children may then__________ Punishment can instill fear, rage, or avoidance in children Punishment tells the child what not to do rather than what to do Punishment can be ___________ (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Coparenting and Alternatives to Corporal Punishment Handling misbehavior by ____________ and especially explaining the consequences of the child?s actions Time out -- the child is briefly ___________ from the setting Coparenting -- the support that parents provide one another in jointly raising a child (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Differing Socioeconomic Circumstances Lower-SES parents more concerned that children __________ to society?s expectations create a home atmosphere where parents have authority use _____________punishment more are more _______________ and less conversational with their children (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Higher-SES parents are more concerned with developing children's initiative and _________of gratification create an atmosphere in which children are more nearly ________ participants rules are discussed are __________likely to use physical punishment are less directive and more conversational with their children (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Child Maltreatment 84% of children, who were ____________ according to a 2002 report, were abused by a parent or parents Laws in many states now require _____________ and teachers to report suspected cases of child abuse However, many cases go unreported, especially those of battered__________ (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Types of Child Maltreatment Physical abuse Child neglect Sexual abuse Emotional abuse (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Developmental Consequences of Abuse Poor emotion regulation, _____________problems, problems in peer relations, difficulty in adapting to school, and other psychological problems such as ____________and delinquency Difficulty in establishing and maintaining healthy ____________relationships As adults, they are at __________risk for violent behavior toward other adults, as well as for substance abuse, anxiety, and depression (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Prevention of Maltreatment In a recent study, two treatments were effective in reducing child maltreatment: home visitation that emphasized ___________ parenting, coping with stress, and increasing support for the mother parent-infant psychotherapy that focused on improving maternal-infant________________ (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Sibling Relationships Approximately 80 % of American children have one or more siblings Emotional quality of the relationship Familiarity and intimacy of the relationship Variation in sibling relationships (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Birth Order First-born children more adult-oriented More__________, conforming, and self-controlled excel in academic and professional endeavors have more guilt,_________, and difficulty in coping with stressful situations Only children often are achievement-oriented and display a ____________ personality, especially in comparison with later-borns and children from large families (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Changing Family in a Changing Society The United States has one of the ______________ percentage of single-parent families in the world Among two-parent families, there are those in which both parents work, or have divorced parents who have remarried, or gay or lesbian parents Differences in culture and SES also influence families (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Effects of Work on Parenting The nature of parents? work rather than whether one parent works outside the home is significant parents who have ________ working conditions are likely to be more irritable at home and engage in less effective parenting because household operations have become more _____________ and family size has______________, it is not certain that American children today receive less attention when both parents work (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Where do kids go after school? Latchkey children -- children who use the key to their home to let themselves in after school while their parents are still at ___________ Practitioners and policymakers recommend that after-school programs have (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Consequences of Divorce Children in divorced families are more likely to have academic problems show externalized problems (such as acting out and delinquency) and internalized problems (such as anxiety and depression) have less competent __________relationships drop out of school become sexually active at an _________age take drugs have _______self-esteem But remember, a majority of children in divorced families do not have significant adjustment problems (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Divorce Adjustment When divorced parents? relationship with each other is ________________and when they use ______________parenting, the adjustment of children improves Children who are socially _________and responsible, who show few behavioral problems, and who have an ________temperament are better able to cope Children with a difficult ______________ often have problems in coping with their parents? divorce Socioeconomic issues of divorce (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Gay Male and Lesbian Parents Approximately 20 percent of lesbians and 10 percent of gay men are ___________ Many lesbian mothers and gay fathers are non-custodial parents because they lost custody of their children to heterosexual spouses after a______________ Parenthood among lesbians and gay men is controversial? what are your thoughts? (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Stepfamilies About half of all children whose parents divorce will have a stepparent Complex histories and multiple relationships make adjustment _____________ in a stepfamily Children often have better relationships with their custodial parents Simple families show better adjustment than complex (blended) families (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Types of Stepfamilies Three common types of stepfamily structure are stepfather mother typically had custody of the children and remarried stepmother father usually had custody and remarried blended or complex In a blended or complex stepfamily, both parents bring children from previous marriages to live in the newly formed stepfamily (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Television Television is the ________ influential of the many types of mass media that affect children?s behavior Many spend __________time in front of the television set than they do with their parents average of 2 to 4 hours a day (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Effects of Television Negative influence on children by making them passive learners distracting them from doing homework teaching them stereotypes providing them with violent models of aggression presenting them with unrealistic views of the world Positive influence on children?s development by presenting motivating educational programs increasing their information about the world beyond their immediate environment providing models of prosocial behavior (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Other Media Increased concern about children who play __________video games, especially those that are highly realistic. Children can become so deeply immersed in some electronic games that they experience an altered state of consciousness in which __________ thought is suspended and arousing aggressive scripts are learned. (c) 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.