Chapters 8-10 flashcards

Psychology 110 with Willett at University of Tennessee - Knoxville

About this deck

By: Sera Buck
Created: 2010-10-20
Size: 149 flashcards
Views: 564

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Attention

The active cognitive processing of a limited amount of information from the fast amount of information available through the senses, in memory, and through cognitive processes

Selective Attention

Cocktail Party Phenomenon

Shadowing: dichotic and binaural presentation

Mindefulness

Paying deliberate attention to the immediate situation at hand

Difficulty in slelectively attending to the colors of inks and ignoring words written in those colors

Why is the Stroop Effect difficult?

A response occurs when the mental pathways for production the response are activated sufficiently

When did Broadbent (1958) say we filter information?

Right after we sense it.

Irrelevent information filtered out almost as soon as it is sensed

When did Deutch and Deutch (1963) say we filter stimuli?

Filter is later in the perceptual process; allows us to recognized the meaning of informtion that enters the unattended ear.

Treisman says what in 1964 about filtering stimuli?

Filtering is a signal-attenuating mechanism. Information is weakened, but not blocked out.

What does a human have a fixed amount of that can be allocated as they wish?

We have a fixed amount of attention, which we can allocated according to what the task requires.

John Locke's Definition of Consciousness

The means by which we define who we are

David Hume's Definition of Consciousness

Consciousness reveals a succession of states of the world, but can never connect them (we only imagine them to be linked)

What does Consciousness do? Name and define.

Monitors: consciousness keeps track of internal mental processes, personal behavior, and the environment to maintain self-awareness

Controls: consciousness allows us to plan what we do based on the information received from monitoring

Three levels of Consciousness

Preconsciousness
Subconsciousness
Altered Consciousness

Preconsciousness

Information that could become conscious readily but is not available in awareness

Types of Preconscious Thought

Automatic Behaviors
Tip-of-tongue phenomenon
Subliminal perception
Blindsight

Subconscious Thought

Involves less awareness than full consciousness; not as easily accessible

What is subconscious thought synonymous with?

Unconscious thought or Slightly more accessible than unconscious thought

Altered Consciousness

Awareness is changed from our normal, waking state; cognitive processes are more shallow or uncritical.

In Altered Consciousness, Describe Perceptions and Inhibitions.

Perceptions of yourself and the world are different than during wakefulness.

Normal inhibitions are control over behavior weaken.

Why do we sleep?

Preservation and protection
Restoration

Ascending Reticular Activating System Contribution

In the reticular formation, this contributes to our cycles of sleep and wakefulness

Circadian Rhythms

Biological cycles that last about 24 hours in humans and other species (these vary with age and culture)

List the ranges of sleep in accordance with age

Infants: 17 hours of sleep
6 months: 13 hours of sleep
5-7 years: 8 hours of sleep

Adult sleep range

1-9.5 hours per day

The Physiological Changes Corresponding to Daily Rhythms

Lowering of body temperature at night
Changes in hormone levels
Rhythm controlled by hypothalamus

What happens to your days if you have no time cues?

Days turn into 25 hour days

Pineal Gland Secretes what?

Sleep-producing substances such as melatonin and tryptophan

What occurs in Microsleep?

Visual illusions
Auditory and visual hallucinations
Paranoia

EEG stands for what?

Electroencephlogram

4 Stages of N-REM Sleep

1. Transitional between wakefulness and sleep
2. Sleep spindles and K-complexes; muscle tension is lower
3. 20-50% delta waves; deep sleep
4. >50% delta waves; deep sleep

Stage 5 REM Sleep

Frequently associated with dreams that we can remember.

Begins an hour after stage 1
EEG patterns are active, resembling those of an awake brain "paradoxical sleep"

Insomnia

Difficulties falling asleep
Waking up during the night
Unable to go back to sleep
Waking up to early

Causes of Insomnia:

Stress
Poor sleeping habits
Mood disorders

What is Pseudo-insomnia?

sleep-state misperception (we think we have insomnia, but in reality do not)

Narcolepsy

Uncontrollable urge to fall asleep periodically; almost every 10-15 minutes
Disorder of the waking state and gives disturbed nighttime sleep

Sleep Apnea

Breathing disorder when the sleeper stops breathing multiple times per night

How long can a sleeper stop breathing in sleep apnea?

A few seconds to 2 minutes in duration

What is sleep apnea associated with?

Alcohol consumption and obesity

Sleepwalking or "somnambulism"

Begins during stage 3 or 4 of N-REM sleep and is not accompanied by dreaming. The perception is also impaired.

When is sleepwalking most common?

Childhood

Why does Freud say we dream?

We dream to express our unconscious wishes

What does Foulkes say about our dreaming?

Dreams express everyday concerns

What do Crick and Mitchison say about dreams?

They have no meaning; are nothing more than "mental house keeping"

How does Cartwright feel about dreams?

They are just our mind doing problem-solving

Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis:

Dreams are the result of subjective organization and interpretation (synthesis) of neural activity (activation) that takes place during sleep. Brains strive to organize information during sleep

Hypnosis

An altered state of consciousness that involves deep relaxation and exreme sensitivity to suggestion

Posthypnotic Suggestion

Instruction given during hypnosis that is to be implemented after being awakened

Epiphenomenon

Secondary outcome of another phenomenon: role playing in response to experimenter demands

Neo--Dissociative Theory

Separate parts of the conscious mind; "hidden observer"

Meditation

A set of techniques used for altering consciousness through focused contemplation

Concentrative Meditation

Focus on an object or thought and attempt to remove all else from consciousnesss

Opening-Up Meditation

Integrating meditation with events of everyday life, seeking to expand awareness of everyday events

Also known as mindfulness

Psychoactive Drugs

Produce a significant effect on behavior, mood and consciousness

Types of Psychoactive Drugs

Narcotics
CNS Depressants
CNS stimulants
Hallucinogens

Narcotics

Derived from opium and lead to a reduction in pain
Highly addictive, can overdose, high dependency

Ex: Methadone

CNS Depressants

Slows the operation of CNS and prescribed to relieve anxiety and insomnia
Cause intoxication, slow reflexes, impaired judgement, and addiction

Ex: alcohol, barbiturates, and tranquilizers

CNS Stimulants

Arouses and excites the CNS, increase stamina and alterness at lo doses
Produce anxiety, irritability, tolerance, and sensitization

Ex: nicotine, caffeine, cocaine

Hallucinogens

Alters consciousness by inducing hallucinations and perception of environments (mimic psychosis)
Increase anxiety, paranoia, and depression

Ex: LSD and marijuana

Cognition

Thinking, gaining knowledge and dealing with knowledge

Cognitive Psychology

We are not always aware of our cognitive processes, or are able to describe them

Prototypes

familiar or typical examples of concepts

Conceptual Networks

Naturally connect certain concepts with others or create hierarchies in our minds

Spreading activation

thinking of one concept primes other concepts linked to it

Cross-Cultural Studies of Concepts

Words do not translate exactly, but we do not think very differently (in general)

Attention

Tendency to respond to some stimuli more than others at any given time, or to remember some more than others.

We can choose where to direct our attention; "spying" through peripheral vision

Causes which grab our attention

Movement
Color
Unusual or different

Preattentive processes

Noticing objects that stand out immediately. No need to shift or direct our attention

Attentive Processes

Require searching through items in a series, shifting attention from one area to another

Change Blindness

Failure to detect changes in parts of a scene

Change Deafness

Failing to detect changes in parts of sound

Attentional Blink

During a brief time after perceiving one stimulus, it is difficult to attend to something else

How does understanding problem-solving, expertise, and error help us understand?

They help us to understand thought processes

Expertise

It is an example of outstanding cognition.
Can only come through 10 years of concentrated practice (Think about how long it takes to get a Ph.D. in a particular area of study)

Phases of Problem-Solving

1. Understanding the problem: simplify the problem or issue
2. Generate hypothesis: use algorithms or heuristics
3. Testing the hypotheses
4. Check the result: is your idea realistic?

Heuristics

Strategies for simplifying a problem or guiding an investigation

Types of Heuristics:

Representativeness
Base-Rate Information
Availability

Types of Errors in Cognition

Overconfidence: polarized thinking leads to overconfidence
Unlikely outcomes: playing the lottery
Confirmation bias: "Girls cannot do math"
Framing questions: sunk cost effect

Language has productivity

enables us to express new ideas

Transformational Grammar

A system for converting language's deep structure into a surface structure (sentence)

Noam Chomsky's Language Acquisition

Humans learn language so easily that they must begin with a language framework

Built-in Mechanisms in humans for acquiring language

Evidence for: some grammar rules seem "natural"

More reasonable: we are predisposed to learn some language relationships more easily than others

How do babies learn language?

Adults talk to infants in "parantese". They learn language by the regularities and patterns in what they hear. Infants younger than 12 months can detect the regularities of language they hear

Broca's Area (Frontal cortex) and aphasia

Inarticulate speech and difficulties using and understanding grammar

Wernicke's Area (temporal cortex) and aphasia

Difficulty recalling the names of objects and impaired comprehension of language; language is nonsensical even if it follows grammatical rules

Stages of Language Development

1. 3 months: random vocalizations
2. 6 months: distinct babbling
3. 1 year: babbling that resembles typical language; language comprehension is better
4. 18 months: can say approx. 50 wods; few or no phrases
5. 2 years: 2-words phrases
6. 2.5 years: longer phrases and short sentences; continually understanding more
7. 3 years: vocabulary includes about 1000 words; longer sentences with fewer errors
8. 4 years: close to the level of adult speech

First sound an infant makes?

"Muh" ==> mother

Why do schools start to teach a second language to children at young ages?

It is easier to learn language when you are younger than vice versa

Bilingualism

learning two languages equally well

Disadvantages of bilingualism

Takes longer to master 2 languages
Confusing words from the 2 languages

Understanding sentences depends on...

Understanding of sentences depends on our knowledge of the world as well as the syntax of sentences

Word-Superiority Effect

We recognize letters more accurately when part of a whole word

Phonemes

A unit of sound (phonics)

Morpheremes

Units of meaning

Eye movements while reading

Fast
Jerky (fixations and saccades)
We are blind during saccades
Fixation lengths vary on complexity

Intelligence

An internal capacity or ability that accounts for individual differences in mental test performance AND enables us to adapt to our changing environments

Intelligence is specific to what?

An individual's environment and abilities; different species face different survival problems => we all differ in our ability to adapt

Psychometrics

the use of psychological tests to measure the mind and mental processes; measure specific mental skills

Sir Francis Galton (1822-1911) believed what?

Believed individual differed in ability had bases in heredity. Measured through tests of sensory discrimination and reaction time.

Charles Spearman (1863-1945) developed what?

Factor Analysis

Statistical procedure that groups together related items on tests by analyzing correlations among test scores.

Factor g, general intelligence
Factor s,important to take specific abilities into account (specific intelligence)

Hierarchical Models show what?

Compromise of G and S

Raymond Cattell and John Horn developed what?

Fluid Intelligence

Fluid Intelligence and Hermoine Granger

Natural ability to solve problems, reason, and remember. Uninfuluenced by experience and is determined through genetic factors

Ex: Hermoine is extremely book-smart

Crystalllized Intelligence and Harry Potter

Knowledge and abilities acquired as a result of experience. Schooling/academic knowledge gained and cultural influences

Ex: Harry dueling Voldemort multiple times and learning the spells because he needed to do so in order to win

How do you combine Crystallized and Fluid Intelligence? and Dumbledore

The combination helps explain how mental abilities change with age and across cultures.

Dumbledore was considered one of the oldest and wisest wizards based on his experiences and knowledge of magic

Multiple Intelligence

People possess a set of separate and independent "intelligences"; Individuals sometimes show specialized skills that are not representative of a general ability

Who Developed Multiple Intelligence Theory?

Howard Gardner

8 Distinct Kinds of Intelligence in Multiple Intelligence Theory

Musical
Bodily-Kinesthetic
Logical-Mathematical
Linguistic
Spatial
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
Naturalist

Triarchic Theory

Proposes 3 types of intelligence: analytic, creative, and practical

Analytical

Processing information; conventional tests

Creative

Ability to cope with new tasks

Practical

How well one fits into their environment; "street smarts"

Measuring Individual Differences

Your performance compared to others

Achievement Tests

Measure current level of knowledge/competence

Ex: AP Exams

Aptitude Tests

Measure ability to learn or acquire knowledge in a particular subject (ACT or SAT exams)

What Makes a Good Test? 3 parts.

Reliability
Validity
Standardization

Reliability

Measure of the consistency of test results

Validity

Assessment of how well a test measure what it is supposed to measure

Standardization:

Keeping testing, scoring, and interpretation procedures consistent across all administrations

I.Q is?

Intelligence Quotient: mental age divided by chronological age x a hundred

What is the historical context of IQ?

To develop a test that would accurately measure individual differences in future academic performance

Mental Age

The chronological age that best fits a child's level of performance on a test of mental ability.

How to calculate Mental Age?

Calculated by comparing a test score with average scores of different age groups

If you are above 100, what are you?

Above average mental age

If you are below 100, what are you?

Below average mental age

Deviation IQ

Derived from determining where one's performance sits in an age-based distribution of test scores

Determination of Mental Retardation

Mental age of 70 or below and diagnosed before age 18

Levels of Mental Retardation

Mild
Moderate
Severe
Profound

Mild Retardation

Mental age of 50-70: compared to a 6th grade level, can be self-supporting

Moderate Retardation

Mental age of 35-50: unlikely to surpass 2nd grade level, can be semi-independent

Severe Retardation

Mental age of 20-35: may learn to perform tasks in high structured environments

Profound Retardation

Mental age of less than 20: little or no speech is possible, constant care and supervision

Giftedness

Mental age at or above 130. Generally more successful both academically and socially and tend to come from economically privileged households

Savants

Exhibit tremendous "gifts" in a particular domain.
More likely to be male, associated with autism

Types of IQ Tests

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales
Wechsler Intelligence Scales

What ages would you take the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale?

2-85+

What are the types of the Wechsler Intelligence Scales?

WPPSY (Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence)
WISC (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children)
WAIS (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale)

Examples of tests for Stanford-Binet

Vocabulary Comprehension
Quantitive tests and number series
Paperfolding and copying
Memory for Sentences and digits

WAIS Tests

Verbal IQ
Performance IQ

Criticisms of IQ Tests

How well do the IQ producing tests actually predict IQ?
Correlates will with academic performance
Fails to provide a wide index of intelligence
Cultural limitations
Labeling

Creativity

The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful. Creativity is tested through making connections in unrelated material (words and pictures).

No straightforward relationship between creativity and IQ

Emotional Intelligence

the ability to perceive, understand, and express emotion in ways that are useful and adaptive

Emotionally-Smart people are good at what?

Good at managing conflict (Empathic)
A solid predictor of success in career and social settings

Tacit Knowledge

Unspoken practical knowledge about how to perform well on the job. Might be an even better predictor of job performance than g. Tacit comes primarily from experience.

Sources of Intelligence

Genetics
Environment

When is it easiest to get a reading of IQ? (Stability)

Better after ages 4 and 7. IQ tends to correlate strongly with later IQ tests

Heritability

Mathematical index that represents how much IQ differences can be accounted for by genetic factors. Expresssed as a percentage and ranges from 50 to 70%

How do twins factor into IQ scores?

They have similar scores, typically.

Stable differences in IQ across what?

Racial Groups
Ethinic Groups
Socioeconomic Groups

About this deck

By: Sera Buck
Created: 2010-10-20
Size: 149 flashcards
Views: 564

About StudyBlue

“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis