Chapters 8-12
Anthropology 1602 with Karikuhlke at University of Minnesota - Duluth
About this deck
By: Julie Kruse
Created: 2011-11-04
Size: 79 flashcards
Views: 10
Created: 2011-11-04
Size: 79 flashcards
Views: 10
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Sivapithecus
- late Miocene; 11-5 mya
- from Pakistan
- thick enameled teeth (like orangutans)
Gigantopithecus
- largest ape living or extinct
- co-existed with Homo erectus
- bamboo eater
Ouranopithecus
- found in Greece
- similar to gorillas (facial features)
- late Miocene (10mya)
Decline of the Ape
- Habitat loss due to loss of equatorial forests as the result of a cooling trend
- 7 mya
- birthing space of apes is long (4-8 years) difficult to make a "come-back" after population dicimation
What is a hominine?
- Bipedal hominoids
- larger brain to body size ration
- flatter faces
- canines are reduced realtive to other teeth
Anatomical Correlatives of Bipedalism in the Spine Curvature
- "S" shaped spine; sigmoid curve (2 opposing curvatures: cervical and lumbar)
- Center of gravity over the feet
Anatomical Correlates of Bipedalism in the Skull
- Centrally (anterior) located foramen magnum
- Nuchal Plan is inferior on the skull
Bones of the pelvis= Ischium
bone that we sit on
Bones of the pelvis= Ilium
hip bone
Bones of the pelvis= pubis
pubic bone
Bone of the pelvis= sacrum
distal end of vertebral column provides attachment for both sides of the pelvis
distal end (coccyx)= tail bone
distal end (coccyx)= tail bone
How the anatomy of the pelvis of a biped differs from a quadruped
- Pelvis is bowl shaped
- Ilium is short and broad
- Short ischium
- Stout sacrum
Anatomical correlates in the hind limb
- Elongated hind limbs
- Medially angled femur (knees are brought together)
- Robust proximal and distal ends of the hind limb bones
Anatomical Correlates of bipedality in the foot
- Adducted Hallux (big toe)
- Broad Hallux
- Shorted phalanges (digits)
- Robust talus and calcaneus (ankle and heel bones
Laetoli Footprints
Who Found Them: Mary Leakey
How Old: 3.7mya
Where: Laetoli, Tanzania
Why they're significant: hallux is clearly adducted
How Old: 3.7mya
Where: Laetoli, Tanzania
Why they're significant: hallux is clearly adducted
Sahelanthropus tchadensis is whom?
Toumai
Toumai is how old?
7-6mya; potentially the oldest hominine
Toumai is found where?
in central Africa; potentially placing the origins of human evolution west of the Great Rift Valley
Toumai had what distortion?
no post-cranial bones to support claims of bipedalism
Orrorin tugenensis is whom?
Millennium man
Where was Millennium man found? how old?
Tugen Hills of Kenya
6.2-5.6 mya
6.2-5.6 mya
Millennium man was determined as a biped how?
internal anatomy of femoral neck indicates weight bearing like that of a biped; canines are more ape-like.
How old is Ardipithecus ramidus?
4.4 mya
Where did Ardipithecus ramidus live?
a dense forest habitat
The Gracile Australopithecines were what?
the first true hominines
When did the gracile Australopithecines around?
4.2-1.2 mya
Australopithecus anamensis is...
likely the earliest Australopithecine
How old is Australopithecus anamensis?
3.8-4.2 mya
What bone in the australopithecus anamensis indicates bipedality?
tibia (proximal)
Lucy (Australopithecus afarensis)
Who: Donald Johansson
When: 1974
Where: Hadar, Ethiopia
How old: 2.9-3.6 mya
When: 1974
Where: Hadar, Ethiopia
How old: 2.9-3.6 mya
Sehlam or Dikika Baby
Who: Zeresenay Alemseged
When: 2000
Where: Ethiopia
How old: 3.3 mya
Environment: forest, grassland, floor plain
When: 2000
Where: Ethiopia
How old: 3.3 mya
Environment: forest, grassland, floor plain
Dikika Baby cont.
How old at the time of death: 3 years
Functional lower limb morphology of a biped
Shoulder, arm, and hand more ape-like
May indicate a partially arboreal lifestyle
Functional lower limb morphology of a biped
Shoulder, arm, and hand more ape-like
May indicate a partially arboreal lifestyle
Which females were quite small and this species was sexually dimorphic
Australopithecus afarensis
Postcranial morphology of Australopithecus afarensis
- Pelvis: short, broad ilium
- Thorax: funnel shaped (ape-like)
- Knee: medially angled femur, enlarged femoral condyles, large lateral lip, large tibial condyles
- Foot: adducted big toe, toes are relatively short
Taung child
- Australopithecus africanus
- Very young hominine
- Discovered by Raymond Dart
- 3-4 ya when it died
- Most likely the meal of a large eagle
Australopithecus africanus
From South Africa but probably descended from hominins known from East Africa (2.0-3.0 mya)
Robust Australopithecines
- Contemporary with gracile forms and early homo (know from both south and east Africa)
- Extreme craniofacial specializations
- Appear to have been evolutionary dead-ends (extinct)
Homo habilis made what?
Oldowan Tool Industry (likely the first tool makers)
Homo habilis is found by whom and when?
Discovered at Olduvai Gorge in 1960
By: Louis Leakey
By: Louis Leakey
When did H. habilis first appear?
2.5 mya and was replaced by homo erectus around 1.8 mya
Who were most likely the makers of the Oldowan Tool Industry?
gathering and scavenging
Homo erectus first appeared?
1.8-25,000ya
Whom were the first hominine to leave Africa?
Homo erectus
Who were the first to achieve modern body proportions?
Homo erectus
Homo erectus were the first to...
- use fire
- construct shelters
- increase meat consumption
Craniofacial morphology of Homo erectus
Skull shape (long and low)
Occipital torus- bump on the back of the head
Angular torus- side
Brow Ridge-prominent supraorbital torus
Sagittal keel-bump of bone that runs down the center of their cranium
Occipital torus- bump on the back of the head
Angular torus- side
Brow Ridge-prominent supraorbital torus
Sagittal keel-bump of bone that runs down the center of their cranium
Turkana Boy
Very TALL! (5.5 ft to 6 ft)
More Robust
Modern body proportions
More Robust
Modern body proportions
Homo georgicus (Republic of Georgia)
Age of the site: 1.7-1.8mya
"Old Man of Dmanisi" didn't have teeth. first to take care of their elderly?
"Old Man of Dmanisi" didn't have teeth. first to take care of their elderly?
Eugene Dubois
- Doctor from Amsterdam
- Joined military as a surgeon
- 1890 went to Sumatra to collect fossils
- Found pithecanthropus erectus (erect ape-like human) now known to be homo erectus
Homo floesiensis
Nickname: island dwarf
Age: 38,000 to 18,000
Body Size: 1 meter tall
Brain Size: 1/3 human size (380 cm^3)
Age: 38,000 to 18,000
Body Size: 1 meter tall
Brain Size: 1/3 human size (380 cm^3)
Craniofacial morphology of homo floresiensis
No chin but the face is small and delicate
small, sloping forehead and distinct brow ridge
small, sloping forehead and distinct brow ridge
Why homo floresiensis went extinct...
around 12,000 years ago when a volcano erupted
Homo floresiensis complexity
they were capable of the following complex behaviors even with a very small brain: tool making (making and using fire)
What was found at Zhoukoudian (China)?
"Peking Man"
Achulean Tool Industry
What: bifacial, tear drop shaped hand axes and cleavers
Who:Homo erectus
How long: 1.5 mya until 250,000 ya
Who:Homo erectus
How long: 1.5 mya until 250,000 ya
Significance of Achulean Industry
- 1st time tools are standardized
- Indicative of forethought; a mental templace
Adaptions that allowed Homo erectus to migrate out of Africa
- better diet= larger bodies
- more midday activity because of larger, more linear bodies
- larger bodies= larger home rand because of bigger steps
Time frame when we see homo heidelbergensis
Later part of the middle Pleistocene: 900,000-120,000 years ago
*not classic homo erectus, yet not Neanderthals or modern humans
*not classic homo erectus, yet not Neanderthals or modern humans
Homo sapiens vs. Homo erectus
- Brain size=1000-1400 CC
- Cranial vault shape: taller, less angular
- "discontinuous" brow ridges
- (sometimes) nasal apertures
- More Graciles facial bones
- Small cheek teeth
- Larger anterior teeth
Which location had the evidence for cannibalism?
Atapuerca, Spain and Bodo, Ethiopia
Significance of Terra Amata, France
- Evidence of structures (post, holes, hearths, windscreens, coprolites)
- Evidence of cooking with fire and building structures
- Also used post holes to hold up the canopy of their structures
- Had a "Windscreen" or very large rock that they would put in front of the fire to block the wind
- Homo heidelbergensis
Pre-modern hominines in Europe evolved into...
Neanderthals
Pre-modern hominines in Africa evolved into...
modern homo sapiens
Pre-modern hominines in Asia evolved into...
direct descendants of archaic humans, rather than of modern humans from Africa (probably died out)
Atapuerca, Spain,
Homo heidelbergensis (Pre Modern humans) first started "burying" or perhaps more correctly... disposing of their dead
Pre-modern hominines from Europe
Mauer, Germany
Petralona, Greece
Steinheim, Germany
Argo, France
Swanscombe, England
Atapuerca, Spain
Petralona, Greece
Steinheim, Germany
Argo, France
Swanscombe, England
Atapuerca, Spain
Pre-modern hominines from Africa
Bodo, Ethiopia
Kabwe, Zambia
Kabwe, Zambia
Pre-modern hominines from Asia
Narmada, China
Dali, China
Maba, China
Jinniushan, China
Dali, China
Maba, China
Jinniushan, China
Geographic range of Neanderthals
Europe, Middle East
Important Neanderthal Sites
Uzbekistan (Teshik Tash)
Israel (Amud, Kebara, Tabun)
Croatia (Krapina)
Iraq (Shanidar)
Israel (Amud, Kebara, Tabun)
Croatia (Krapina)
Iraq (Shanidar)
First recognize Neanderthal was found where?
Neander Valley, Germany (1858)
Marcellin Boule's interpretation of the Neanderthals
- Possibly "mentally deficient"
- Muscular bodies are clumsy with stooped gait
- Problem: bias to something that he deems vastly different than humans (persisted until 1960s)
What specimen did Boule base his interpretations on?
Old Man of La Chapelle (Aux Saints)
Type of trauma adult Neanderthals undergo
strong muscle markings
robus bones
large joints
head and body trauma
*bull riders
robus bones
large joints
head and body trauma
*bull riders
Shanidar I
- Male 35-40
- Blow to left side of hear, broken eye socket (blind?)
- Lower right arm and hand missing
- Acute atrophy of upper right arm and shoulder
- Injury to the right leg and foot
- Alturism: took care of the elderly and infirm
Neanderthal adaptions to the cold
- Large Nose
- Prognathic Face
- Short Stature
- Short limbs
- Chest barrel
Craniofacial features of Neanderthals
- Long and low cranial vault
- Very large brain 1300-100 cubic cm
- Midface prognathism: face goes slightly out
- Brow ridges: superorbital torus
- Occipital bun: protuberance on back of skull
- Skull bones: very thick
- Large nose and nasal aperture
- Small mastoid process: bone behind ear
- Lack chin
- Face shape: tall
Postcranial features of Neanderthals
- Robust skeleton
- Barrel-shaped chest
- Powerfully built
- Male 5'6'' Female 5'3''
- Huge join surfaces
- Legs: slightly bowed
What is unique about Neanderthals?
Fingertip: Apical tufts (wide)
About this deck
By: Julie Kruse
Created: 2011-11-04
Size: 79 flashcards
Views: 10
Created: 2011-11-04
Size: 79 flashcards
Views: 10
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis
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