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- Wisconsin
- University of Wisconsin - Madison
- Sociology
- Sociology 120
- Adams
- Cherlin midterm 2
Cherlin midterm 2
Sociology 120 with Adams at University of Wisconsin - Madison
About this deck
By: Danielle Joyce
Textbook:
Public and Private Families: An Introduction
The Family Crucible
Created: 2011-03-23
Size: 192 flashcards
Views: 239
Textbook:
Public and Private Families: An Introduction
The Family CrucibleCreated: 2011-03-23
Size: 192 flashcards
Views: 239
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two-spirit people
in Native American societies, men or women who dressed like, performed the duties of, and behaved like a member of the opposite sex
berdaches
men dressed like women, performed women's work, behaved like women
-were accepted members of adult society
where female two-spirits were found
in smaller numbers, in egalitarian cultures
ways to become a two-spirit
-parents thought child displayed two-spirited characteristics
-spiritual visions experiences at adolescence or later
sex with a two-spirit
married and had sex with people and the same sex
difference between sex and gender
-sex: biological characteristics that distinguish men and women (chromosomes, organs, hormones **biological creation)
-gender: social & cultural characteristics that distinguish in society (clothing, crying **social creation)
how many genders
-"half-man-half-woman"
-"man-woman"
"would-be-woman"
intersexuals
person born with ambiguous sexual organs
most have surgery as children & take hormones
gestation
9-month development of the fetus inside the mother's uterus
sex organs during gestation
for the first few weeks they are identical
second trimester
middle three months
development in 2nd trimester
-testes produce androgens
-if low levels, develop into a female
-brain may develop differently too
androgens
male sex hormones
30-year study on sex hormones
the higher the level of male sex hormones in a mom's blood in the 2nd trimester, the more masculine was the gendered behavior of their daughters 27-30 years later
biosocial approach to gender differences
gender identification & behavior are based in part on people's innate biological differences
three qualifications of biosocial approach
-biologically-based differences in gendered behavior exist only "on average" (wide range of behavior)
-whether biological predispositions lead to actual behaviors depends on environment
-social influences can counteract predispositions
childhood construction of gender
parents treat boys and girls differently
socialization
processes by which we learn the ways of a given society or social group so as to adequately participate in it
socialization approach to gender differences
gender identification & behavior are based on children's learning that they will be rewarded for the set of behaviors considered appropriate to their sex but not for those appropriate to the other sex
feedback loop of socialization approach
created in which differences in predispositions make people respond differently which in turn makes behaviors more distinctive
the media and gender construction
children who watch TV extensively have more stereotyped attitudes about gender than children who watch little TV
peer group
group of people who have roughly the same age and status as one another
age 2-3 and peer groups
sort selves into same-sex peer groups
Eleanor Maccoby on boy peer groups
reinforce a competitive, dominance-oriented interaction style that carries over into such adult male communication tactics as interrupting, boasting, contradicting, & threatening-- restrict conversation
Eleanor Maccoby on girl peer groups
reinforce expressing agreement or support, asking questions rather than making statements, acknowledging other persons' comments
symbolic interctionists and peer groups
children develop a gendered sense of self through activities such a as peer group play
Barrie Thorn on degree of separation between girls' and boys' worlds
it is overstated
the continual construction of gender
gender is fluid, fragile, in need of constant reinforcement
continual construction & maintenance of gender differences throughout adulthood
interactionist approach to gender differences
gender identification and behavior are based on the day-to-day behavior that reinforces gender distinctions
(opposite of socialization approach)
"doing gender"
daily things reinforce and re-create gender differences
precarious gender differences
interactionists believe social order is more precarious than we think
Fenstermaker
the household becomes a gender factory that produces the shared reality of gender relations along with crumb-free tables
feminist research methods
-"kids" instead of "children"
-feminist theory & postmodern perspective
-learn P.O.V. of subjects studied ("connected knowing"
-minimize power differences between researchers & the groups they study
-objectivity nearly impossible to achieve
current proportion of American families that have children under age 18
at a low of 46%
high point of families with children under 18
1960s at 57%
most common number of children in a family under age 18
one, next is two
what parents are supposed to do for children
-supply love, nurturing, care
-train skills to become autonomous
-provide guidance, support, discipline
2 ways parents act in when socializing children
-provide emotional support
-exercise control (coercive or inductive)
coercive
use threat of punishment or force
inductive
set consistent limits, explain reasons for limits, request for compliance, praise the compliance
Diana Baumrind: 3 styles of parental behavior
autoritative
permissive
authoritarian
authoritative style
parents combine high levels of emotional support with consistent, moderate control of their children
produces more socially-competent children
permissive style
provide emotional support but exercise little control over their children
authoritarian
combine low levels of emotional support with coercive attempts at control of their chilren
group more likely to use physical punishment
African Americans
group more likely to insist on disciple and obedience
Asian Americans
spanking or slapping in first five years of life and early adolescence
associated with more behavior problems in white kids but less in African American kids
African Americans don't see spankers as less warm but white people do
norms
widely accepted rules about how people should behave
values
goals or principles that are held in high esteem by a society
Japanese mothers of babies compared to American mothers
wean children from breast feeding later, often sleep with children
Japanese mothers emphasize interdependence
fitting in with the group
getting along with others
differences on socializing between classes are
overstated
what middle-class parents emphasize
autonomy and self-direction
working-class and poor emphasize
obedience and conformity (accomplishment of natural growth)
kind of process that socialization is
a two-way process in which children and parents influence each other
two parts of socialization
-predispositions allow children to influence how parents threat them
-parents then make decisions that reinforce differences
conservative protestant fathers
more authoritarian with children
men are head of family, encourage strict, discipline-oriented, distant style of fathering
spank children more often
but also hug & praise more, yell less, spend more time in leisure activites
kinds of support that are important to provide children with
-material: food, clothes, shelter
-emotional: love and nurturing
encourage androgynous behavior in children
behavior that has characteristics of both genders
adolescents in two-parent families who reported a more positive relationship with their fathers...
were less likely to engage in delinquent acts
fathers relate to young children differently than mothers
-playfulness, physical activity, autonomy
-rough & tumble play helps regulate emotions, learn limits of excitable behavior
fathers' influence is often indirect
-works through mothers
-emotional support or backing up authority
-the better quality the parents' relationship, the better the child's behavior and school achievement
-provide income
generativity
feelings of concern about, or interest in, guiding & shaping the next generation (Erik Erikson)
adults who had more generative fathers...
have greater educational and occupational success
type of fathers whose children develop better than children whose visits with their fathers are purely recreational
nonresident fathers with authoritative parenting
percent of children in U.S. under 18 that were adopted
2.5
proportion of white unmarried mothers who give up newborns
has declined from 20% to 2%
different settings adoption is occurring in
-foster children getting adopted
-stepparents doing "second-parent" adoption of stepchildren
-adopting from developing countries
-gay couples adopting
percent of adopted children born in other countries
13
likeliness of adopted child to have a disability
twice as likely as non-adopted
2 things that might prevent parents from doing what they are supposed to do
transformation of economy
social change
two things poor parents are more likely to do
-receive bad prenatal care
-do harmful things while pregnant (smoke or do drugs)
what unemployment does to parents
-men tense and irritable with wives, explosive and pushing with children
-children more sullen, angry, abrasive
what poverty does to children
-parents have little psychological resources to devote to them
-affects school achievement
most common way children come to live with a single parent
divorce
time most children are distressed after separation of their parents
first two years
long term suffering from divorce caused in children
not substantial
disadvantages of single parenting
-low income and declines in income
-higher rates of depression among single parents
-less effective monitoring and supervision
disadvantages of cohabiting parents
-break up more often than married parents
-may be living with someone you are unwilling to marry
-cohabitant (not biological) parent causes child to be less engaged in school
-may be particularly unfavorable environments for children
mass incarceration
extremely high rates of imprisonment, particularly of African American males
mass incarceration has grown enormously since
1980
type of crimes there has been an increase in arrests for
nonviolent drug-related crimes
lesbian and gay parenthood has been allowed since
the 60s
3 main types of lesbian and gay parenthood
-children were born to married parent who later came out & kept custody
-existing gay couples adopted or conceived through donor insemination
-gay males hire a surrogate
donor insemination
procedure in which semen is inserted into the uterus of an ovulating woman
studies of children in gay and lesbian families
-mostly white and well-educated parents studied
-children are similar, well-adjusted
-boys show higher femininity but equal masculinity
-children in lesbian families more open to same-sex relationships
ways parents compensate for time apart
-actually spending more time with children
-cut back on housework
-less leisure time
-combine activities
percent of school-aged children that spend some time in child care
63
link between child care and aggressive behavior in kindergarten-sixth grade
more child care may be linked to more aggressive and disobedient behavior
ways to measure the well-being of children
-basic needs such as standard of living & health
-cognitive indicators of what children are learning
-socioemotional indicators of how they are feeling & behaving
-index of child well-being (28 statistical indicators like health, emotional)
standard of living now compared with first half of 20th century
higher now than then
things they had in first half of 20th century
-running water, heating, refrigerators
-less beef & chicken
-polio
-infant mortality rate 3 times higher
kinds of families for which incomes have been rising the fastest
families of the college-educated
kind of family that has proportionally grown lot
high-income family
(the rest have stayed relatively the same, middle-income decreased a little)
things that have been changing
-movement of married women into the workforce
-decline in 2-parent families among less education & income
-poor & wealthy children
-children in the middle
Convention on the Rights of the Child
-treaty protecting children & ensuring basic needs
-only two countries have not signed it: U.S. and Somalia
existence of the categories homosexual & heterosexual in the 18th century
non-existant
same-sex intimacy and public affection in men's friendships in 18th century
more open and acceptable than today
Caroll Smith-Rosenberg: "The Female World of Love and Ritual"
-"separate sphere" of middle-class women
-deep emotional bonds of friendship with other women
-romantic & even erotic tone in conversation by today's standards
-more flexibility in creating intense emotional ties
sexual identity
set of sexual practices & attitudes that lead to the formation in a person's mind of an identity as heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual
two categories of sexual activity in the 1900s
-socially approved: sex within marriage, in moderation, undertaken mainly to have children
-socially disapproved: all others; like acts between persons of the same sex, masturbation, oral sex, etc.
emergence of heterosexuality and homosexuality
normal = heterosexual
year homosexuality was removed from American Psychiatric Association's list of mental disorders
1973
the social constructionist perspective on sexuality
human sexual identities are entirely socially constructed
-unclear boundaries of 2-gender, heterosexual-dominant model
what a man who has sex with other men but always is the one penetrating is considered in Brazil
not considered homosexual
Kinsey Report, 1948, Alfred Kinsey
details the results of thousands of interviews with men about their sexual behavior
-half reported erotic feelings toward other men
-1/8 experiences mainly with men for 3 years
-4% only men
NSFG measured sexual orientation in several ways
-same-sex sexual contact in lifetime (11.2% women, 6% men)
-same-sex contact in last 12 months (higher in women)
-range of attractiveness to sexes (14.3% women, 7.8% men)
-hetero, homo, bi, else (men/women 4.1% homo/bi, women more bi)
integrative perspective on sexuality
belief that human sexual identities are determined by both social & biological factors
twin studies under integrative perspective on sexuality
almost certainly genetic influences on sexual orientation for men, somewhat less for women
questioning sexual identities
whether it is meaningful to speak of gay, lesbian, heterosexual at all
many kinds of "gay identities"
queer theory (from critical standpoint)
view that sexual life is artificially organized into categories that reflect the power of heterosexual norms
-not formal scientific theory
-norms restrict possibilities for fluid sexual identities
-reject idea of biological influences on sexuality
strengths & limitations of sexual identities
-straights can marry, gays cannot
-queer theory: inequalities are oppressive
queer theory goes too far?
-just because boundaries are unclear, does not mean concepts are invalid
-restricts ability to understand important aspects of American society
family of choice
family formed through voluntary ties among individuals who are not biologically or legally related
-gays who can't marry & have little contact with family
-similar to kin networks among poor
-more common among upper-middle class
living apart together
relationship in which 2 people define themselves as a couple but do not live together
marriage-like relationships
more common among people in 20s
two types of living apart together relationships
-living apart because of constraint
-living apart by choice
constraints in LAT relationships
-children from previous relationships
-good jobs in different cities
choices in LAT relationships
-prefer to be independet
-previously divorced so hesitant
three eras in attitudes toward sexuality and love
-before 1890: sexual attraction & romantic love are inappropriate bases for choosing a spouse
-1890-1960: attraction & love increasingly appropriate & crucial criteria
-1960-now: increased positive value given to sexual expression & gratification
non-marital sexual activity through 1950s
women only had sex after they were engaged
non-marital sexual activity in 60s
46% of people only had one partner by age 30
18% of people had five or more
extramarital sex
sexual activity by a married person with someone other than his or her spouse
sexual monogamy
state of having just one sex partner
percentages of people who have never had extramarital sex
75% men
90% women
consequence of cultural changes in sexuality
rise in child bearing outside of marriage
adolescent sexual activity in the 90s
declined slightly
trends in adolescent sexual activity
-much more common today than it was in the middle of the 20th century
-difference in sexual activity of boys & girls has nearly disappeared
-increase has been greater for the middle class & whites
-still more common among poor & African Amer
number of 15-19-year-olds that become pregnant every year
75,000
percent of those pregnancies that end in abortion or miscarries
40% (leaving 45,000 births)
trends in marriage and contraceptive use among teens
marriage decreased
contraceptive use increased
non-marital birth ratio
proportion of all births that occur to unmarried women
(has sharply increased for teens)
consequences for teen mothers
worse-off later in life than teens who wait until 20s to being having children
-fewer years schooling
-jobs that pay less
-more likely to be dependent on public assistance payments
-less likely to have stable marriages
selection effect
principle that whenever individuals "select" themselves into groups non-randomly, some of the differences among the groups reflect pre-existing differences among the individuals
percent of teen moms that graduate high school by age 21
51
percent of teen moms that graduate high school by age 30
80
fiance visas
woman comes to the country and has 90 days to marry an American
union
stable, intimate relationship between two people who live in the same household but may r may not be married
parental influence on forming a union
parental influence much less direct than the past or other developing nations today
forming a union in rural villages
parents with land/wealth likely to have a voice
forming a union in Asian nations
parents and prosperous city dwellers play important role in choice of children's spouses
Anglo-American courtship in the 1800s
young adults shared decision responsibility with parents
courtship
publicly visible process with rules and restrictions through which young men and women find a partner to marry
courtship: publicly visible
emphasizes important role of community and parents
courtship in early modern Britain
first stages occurred mainly outdoors
reasons why courtship met demise after 1900
-migration from rural areas & overseas to cities increased # of potential partners
-rise of industrial capitalism
-higher standards of living: young people began to spend money
-new view of teenage years
who popularized adolescence
G. Stanley Hall
when college enrollments skyrocketed
after WWII
dating was rare until the year
1900, when courtship was beginning to be placed on an economic basis
when dating had its heyday
20 years after WWII (45-65)
-college enrollments
-less parent-child disagreement
when age at marriage began to rise
60s and 70s
-dating system became less closely connected to marriage
proportions of college seniors that had dates in 2000
1/3 had 2
1/2 had 6 or more
hookup
sexual encounter with no expectation of further involvement
-romantic attraction not necessary
-often involves alcohol
when hooking up started and became popular
started in 80s
became common in 2000s
percent of women who have hooked up
40%
percent of women who have hooked up six or more times
10%
who hooking up places at a disadvantage
those looking for a relationship
(young women are more troubled by the lack of commitment)
dating in relation to hooking up
increasingly occurring after
independent living
young adults living without parents
why independent living was so uncommon in late-19th and early-20th centuries
-less housing
-lower standard of living
-values discouraged it
when it became common & expected for young adults to keep their wages instead of turning them over to their parents
2nd half of 20th century
proportions of whites and African Americans projected to marry eventually
9/10 whites
2/3 African Americans
when husbands had greater power compared to today
colonial times
-religion and law certified father as head of the family
-children remained with father in a divorce
institutional marriage
marriage in which the emphasis is on male authority, duty, & conformity to social norms
-like those before the 20th century with clear rules & roles
-sex just a means of reproduction
companionate marriage
marriage in which the emphasis is on affection, friendship, & sexual gratification
-breadwinner-homemaker marriage
-authority less than institutional
when companionate marriage reached peak
mid 20th century
when breadwinner-homemaker companionate marriage lost ground
1960s, wives began to work outside the home
toward the individualized marriage
matter less how well spouses were performing the roles society expected of them
individualized marriage
marriage in which the emphasis is on self-development, flexible roles, and open communication
how marriage now is very different from the past
-great deal of choice in how to live personal lives
-nature of the rewards that people seek through marriage and other close relationships
why people still marry
-no decline in importance high schoolers attach to marriage
-percentage that expect to marry is either the same (women) or higher (men) than the past
-theories don't provide much guidance
marriage as the capstone experience
-practical importance of being married has declined, but symbolic importance has increased
-more distinctive because it's optional
-capstone of personal life: last brick put in place when the structure is finally complete
how low-income individuals see marriage
sought after but elusive goal
(have lowest marriage rates)
how young adults in general see marriage
-postpone until financially ready
-marriage is a status you build up to
the wedding as a status symbol
-symbol of partners's achievements
-make a statement through the wedding
percent of the population in the marriage market that married people represent
the most attractive 90%
most religious nation in the western world
U.S.
groups that tend to marry earlier
conservatives (protestant and mormon)
characteristics of married religious couples
-somewhat happier with marriages
-better mental health
-lower risk of divorce
married people live...
longer on average
2 possible reasons they live longer
-being married actually causes people to feel better and live longer (Waite)
-mentally & physically healthier people are more likely to get married & stay married
cohabitation
the sharing of a household by unmarried persons who have a sexual relationship
-aka "living together"
cohabitation in the 60s
only among the poor and near-poor
-less reason to marry
-acceptable substitute for legal marriage
percent of people without a high school diploma that cohabitate
64
percent of people with a college degree that cohabitate
45
three categories of cohabitation
1. an alternative way of being single
2. a testing ground for marriage
3. an alternative to marriage
1. an alternative way of being single
-consider themselves single, not looking for spouse
-intimate relationship without binding commitments
-pure relationship
pure relationship (Anthony Giddens)
intimate relationship entered into for its own sake and which lasts only as long as both partners are satisfied with it
-not necessarily thinking about a spouse or kids`
2. a testing ground for marriage
tend to resolve cohabiting relationships in a relatively short time by breaking up or getting married
-women with money
mediam length of cohabiting in U.S.
less than any other Western country-- a little more than a year
3. an alternative to marriage
-no legal commitment
-Sweden: cohabitation almost indistinguishable from marriage
-Puerto Ricans, Hispanics, blacks commonly cohabit then have children and never marry
-fewer people marry in Quebec (population is 80% French) than the rest of Canada
About this deck
By: Danielle Joyce
Textbook:
Public and Private Families: An Introduction
The Family Crucible
Created: 2011-03-23
Size: 192 flashcards
Views: 239
Textbook:
Public and Private Families: An Introduction
The Family CrucibleCreated: 2011-03-23
Size: 192 flashcards
Views: 239
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj
Naj