chp 14
Psychology 123 with Pryor at Illinois State University
About this deck
By: Vicky Leonard
Created: 2010-04-29
Size: 87 flashcards
Views: 56
Created: 2010-04-29
Size: 87 flashcards
Views: 56
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy
Kathy
Sign up (free) to study this.
Statistical definition
according to this approach, an abnormal sexual behavior is defined by one that is rare, or not practiced by many people
Defining Abnormal
- Statistical definition according to this approach, an abnormal sexual behavior is defined by...
- Sociological approach may define abnormal sexual behavior as sexual behavior that violates...
- Psychological approach ?the three criteria of abnormality are discomfort, inefficiency, and...
- Medical approach recognizes 8 paraphilias: fetishism, transvestic fetishism, sexual sadism,...
- Additional diagnostic criteria
Sociological approach
may define abnormal sexual behavior as sexual behavior that violates the norms of society
Statistical definition according to this approach, an abnormal sexual behavior is defined by one that is rare, or not practiced by many people.
This definition doesn?t give insight into the psychological or social functioning of the person who engages in the behavior
The Normal-Abnormal Continuum
- Abnormal and normal cannot be put in two entirely separate categories
- There are many sexual variations such as voyeurism, sadism, and exhibitionism.
Sociological approach may define abnormal sexual behavior as sexual behavior that violates the norms of society.
This approach recognizes the importance of the individuals interactions with society and of the problems the must face if their behavior is labeled as ?deviant? in the culture in which they live.
Psychological approach ?the three criteria of abnormality are discomfort, inefficiency, and bizarreness? ? Arnold Buss
Bizarre is a tough criteria because it can be defined differently by cultures
Medical approach recognizes 8 paraphilias: fetishism, transvestic fetishism, sexual sadism, sexual masochism, voyeurism, frotteurism, exhibitionism, and pedophilia. ? APA
Paraphilia recurrent, intense, sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving non-human objects, the suffering or humiliation of oneself or one?s partner, children, or other non-consenting person.
Additional diagnostic criteria
- Fantasies, urges, or behaviors have occurred over months,
- They cause ?clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational or other important areas of functioning.
Psychological approach
“the three criteria of abnormality are discomfort, inefficiency, and bizarreness” – Arnold Buss
Fetishism a person?s sexual fixation on some object other than another human being and attachment of great erotic significance to that object.
- Extreme cases: the person is incapable of being aroused without the object present
- Fetish item is usually closely associated with the body
Media Fetish A fetish whose object is anything made of a particular substance, such as leather.
- Can be divided into categories of soft and hard media fetishes
- Hard are usually associated with sadomasochism and soft are usually fur or silk
Paraphilia
recurrent, intense, sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving non-human objects, the suffering or humiliation of oneself or one?s partner, children, or other non-consenting person.
Extreme cases
the person is incapable of being aroused without the object present
Why do People Become Fetishists
- Learning Theory: fetishes result from classical conditioning
- Cognitive Theory: fetishists have serious cognitive distortion in that the perceive a nonconventional stimulus as erotic
- Sexual Addiction Model
Fetishism
a person?s sexual fixation on some object other than another human being and attachment of great erotic significance to that object.
Learning Theory: fetishes result from classical conditioning
- a learned association is built between the fetish object and sexual arousal and orgasm
- Sometimes a single learning trial can cement fetish association
Cognitive Theory: fetishists have serious cognitive distortion in that the perceive a nonconventional stimulus as erotic
- Their perception of arousal is further distorted
- Arousal may be caused by feelings of guilt and self-loathing, which they misinterpret as sexual arousal fetish ritual must be carried out
Media Fetish
A fetish whose object is anything made of a particular substance, such as leather.
Learning Theory
fetishes result from classical conditioning
Transvestism the practice of deriving sexual gratification from dressing as a member of the other gender.
- Almost exclusively a male sexual variation
- A harmless and victimless sexual variation
Form Fetish
a fetish whose object is a particular shape, such as high-heeled shoes.
Cognitive Theory
fetishists have serious cognitive distortion in that the perceive a nonconventional stimulus as erotic
Transvestism fetishism a heterosexual man who dresses in female clothing to produce or enhance sexual arousal
When this behavior ensues for 6 months causes clinically significant distress this person is a paraphilic
Transvestism
the practice of deriving sexual gratification from dressing as a member of the other gender.
FOCUS: MILESTONES IN SEX RESEACH ? SEXUAL ADDICTIONS
- Sexual addiction: a person has a...
- Patrick Carnes: each episode of sexually...
- Preoccupation. Person thinks of nothing...
- Rituals. Person enacts rituals that become a...
- Compulsive sexual behavior. The sexual...
- Despair. The addict falls into a feeling of...
- The key of addiction is the compulsiveness,...
- According to Carnes most effective therapy...
- Gay activists criticize Carnes who say that...
- Compulsive Sexual Behavior (CSB) a disorder,...
Transvestism fetishism
a heterosexual man who dresses in female clothing to produce or enhance sexual arousal
Drag queens
a male homosexual who dresses in woman?s clothing.
Female impersonators
a man who dresses up as a woman as part of a job in entertained
FOCUS
MILESTONES IN SEX RESEACH – SEXUAL ADDICTIONS
Sexual addiction
a person has a pathological relationship with a sexual event or process, substituting it for a health relationship with others
Patrick Carnes
each episode of sexually compulsive behavior proceeds through a step cycle, which intensifies each time it’s repeated
Sexual sadist a person who derives sexual satisfaction from inflicting pain, suffering, or humiliation on another person
Term comes from Marquis de Sade who lived during the French revolution and wrote about his practices of sadism
Sexual Masochist a person who derives sexual satisfaction from experiencing pain.
- Can be sexually aroused by fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving being beaten, humiliated, bonded, or tortured to achieve sexual excitement.
- Named after Leopold von Sacher-Masoch who wrote novels expressing masochistic fantasies.
- Often paired with sadism
Compulsive Sexual Behavior (CSB)
a disorder, in which the individual experiences intense sexually arousing fantasies, urges and associated sexual behaviors.
Bondage and Discipline (B&D) the use of physical or psychological restraint to enforce servitude, from which both participants derive sensual pleasure
- Sexual Bondage the use in sexual behavior of restraining devices that have sexual significance
- Been an erotic staple of erotic fiction and art for centuries
- Most men and women, regardless of sexual orientation prefer to be ?bottom?
Sexual sadist
a person who derives sexual satisfaction from inflicting pain, suffering, or humiliation on another person
Sexual Masochist
a person who derives sexual satisfaction from experiencing pain.
Dominance and Submission (D-S) the use of power consensually given to control the sexual stimulation and behavior of the other person.
- Sociologists emphasize that D-S is the key to S-M not pain
- There is a distinct D-S subculture, involving magazines, clubs and bars.
- NOT a violent outbreak but a carefully controlled performance with a script
Sexual Bondage
the use in sexual behavior of restraining devices that have sexual significance
Bondage and Discipline (B&D)
the use of physical or psychological restraint to enforce servitude, from which both participants derive sensual pleasure
Sadomasochistic Behavior
- S-M is a rare form of sexual behavior, but in its milder, nonparaphilic forms it?s probably more common that one would think.
- Themes of S-M parties could be: hypermasculinity, administering and receiving pain, physical restriction, and humiliation.
- Sadists and Masochists do not always find giving and receiving pain pleasurable, only when there is a sexual script attached to it
S-M is a rare form of sexual behavior, but in its milder, nonparaphilic forms it?s probably more common that one would think.
M fantasies are far more common than real-life sadomasochistic behavior
Causes of Sadomasochism
- Causes are not precisely known, theories that could explain fetishes could also be applied
- Classical conditioning could be an explanation
- Psychological theory to explain masochism: the masochist is motivated by a desire to escape from self-awareness more common among males than females
Dominance and Submission (D-S)
the use of power consensually given to control the sexual stimulation and behavior of the other person.
Voyeurism the sexual please comes from viewing nudes, often while the voyeur is masturbating
- Much more common among men than women
- However, watching a partner undress or a stripper dance is not considered voyeurism
- Peepers usually want the woman they view to be a stranger and don?t want her to know they?re watching
- The element of risk of getting caught is also important
Voyeur
a person who becomes sexually aroused from secretly viewing nudes.
Scoptophilia
a sexual variation in which the person becomes sexually aroused by observing others? sexual acts and genitals
Voyeurism
the sexual please comes from viewing nudes, often while the voyeur is masturbating
EXHIBITIONISM
- Also known as ?flashing? in which the person derives sexual pleasure from exposing his genitals to others in situations where it is clearly inappropriate
- Exhibitionists are usually men
- Homosexual exhibitionism is quite rare, most cases are men exposing themselves to women
- Social-Learning Theory to explain cause
Social-Learning Theory to explain cause
- Parents may have subtly-or obviously-modeled such behavior to the man when he was a child.
- In adulthood there may be reinforcement for the behavior because the man gets attention when he performs it.
- Theory has been used to devise some programs of therapy that have been successful
Nymphomania
an excessive, insatiable sex drive in a woman
Hypersexuality an excessive, insatiable sex drive in either a man or a woman.
- Leads to compulsive sexual behavior in the sense that the person feels driven to it even when there may be very...
- The compulsiveness of the behavior leads it to become extremely inefficient, with the result that it impairs the...
- A valid criterion for hypersexuality in men may not be valid for women
- Highly sexual refers to women who desire sexual stimulation to orgasm six or seven per times per week, or who think of...
Satyriasis
an excessive, insatiable sex drive in a man.
Hypersexuality
an excessive, insatiable sex drive in either a man or a woman
Highly sexual
refers to women who desire sexual stimulation to orgasm six or seven per times per week, or who think of themselves as highly sexual and their sexuality frequently and strongly affects their lives
Asexuality Having no sexual attraction to a person of either sex
More likely to be women, to attend church frequently, and to be in poor health and of lower socioeconomic status
Asexuality
Having no sexual attraction to a person of either sex
Asphyxiophilia
the desire to induce oneself a state of oxygen deficiency in order to create sexual arousal or to enhance excitement to orgasm
Techniques used include
temporary strangulation by rope around the neck, a pillow against the face, or a plastic bag over the head or upper body
Asphyxiophilia the desire to induce oneself a state of oxygen deficiency in order to create sexual arousal or to enhance excitement to orgasm
- Techniques used include: temporary strangulation by rope around the neck, a pillow against the face, or a plastic bag over the head or upper body
- Estimated that is causes 250-1,000 deaths per year in US
- Sick shit
CYBERSEX USE AND ABUSE
Internet is thought to lead to addictive or compulsive behavior because of anonymity, accessibility, and affordability.
Troilism
three people having sex together
Saliromania
a desire to damage or soil a woman or her clothes or the image of a woman
Coprophilia
deriving sexual satisfaction from contact with feces.
Urophilia
deriving sexual satisfaction from contact with urine
Frotteurism
deriving sexual satisfaction from fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving touching, or rubbing one?s genitals against the body of a nonconsenting person.
Necrophilia
deriving sexual satisfaction from contact with a dead person
Saliromania a desire to damage or soil a woman or her clothes or the image of a woman
Disorder mainly found in men
Zoophilia
sexual contact with an animal; also called bestiality or sodomy
Frotteurism deriving sexual satisfaction from fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving touching, or rubbing one?s genitals against the body of a nonconsenting person.
35% of a sample of college men reported having engaged in this activity
Primary prevention
intervening in home life or in other factors during childhood to help prevent problems from developing or truing to teach people how to cope with crises or stress so that problems do not develop
Secondary prevention
idea is to diagnose and treat the problem as early as possible once it has arisen, so that difficulties are minimized
Necrophilia deriving sexual satisfaction from contact with a dead person
Very rare form of behavior, considered to be psychotic and extremely deviant.
Zoophilia sexual contact with an animal; also called bestiality or sodomy
- Contemporary therapists report cases f men and women engaging in sexual activity with household pets.
- Two most common reasons for sexual interest in animals
Contemporary therapists report cases f men and women engaging in sexual activity with household pets.
Activities include masturbating the animal, oral-genital contact, and intercourse
PREVENTIONS OF SEXUAL VARIATIONS
- Primary prevention: intervening in home life or in other factors during...
- Secondary prevention: idea is to diagnose and treat the problem as early as...
- Analyze the components of sexual development disturbance in one or more...
- Gender Identity. The sense of maleness or femaleness developed in early childhood,
- Sexual responsiveness. Arousal to appropriate stimuli
- Formation of relationships with others.
Two most common reasons for sexual interest in animals
- Desire for affection
- Pleasurable sex
1800s
castration was used as a treatment for uncontrollable sexual urges
Hormonal Treatment
involved the use of drugs to reduce sexual desire
Leuprolide acetate (LA)
synthetic analog of GnRH, the continued use of which suppresses androgen production and reduces sexual fantasies and drive
Psychopharmacologistcal treatment
uses psychotropic medications, like antidepressants – these medicines influence psychological functioning and behavior by their action on the central nervous system
Medical Treatments
- 1800s: castration was used as a treatment for uncontrollable sexual urges
- Hormonal Treatment involved the use of drugs to reduce sexual desire
- Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA): most commonly used in US and binds to androgen receptors...
- Leuprolide acetate (LA): synthetic analog of GnRH, the continued use of which suppresses...
- Psychopharmacologistcal treatment uses psychotropic medications, like antidepressants ? these...
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies
- Comprehensive Programs include
- Behavior therapy to reduce inappropriate sexual arousal and...
- Social skills training
- Modification of distorted thinking; challenging the...
- Relapse prevention; helping the person identify and control or...
- Covert Sensitization involves pairing aversive imagery with...
- Orgasmic Conditioning The patient is told to masturbate to his...
Hormonal Treatment involved the use of drugs to reduce sexual desire
- Drugs used that reduce the production of androgen in the testes (chemical castration)
- Antiandrogens that bind to androgen receptors in the brain and genitals, blocking the effects of androgen
- Use of these drugs should cause a sharp decline in sexual desires
Covert Sensitization
involves pairing aversive imagery with fantasies of the target behavior
Orgasmic Conditioning
The patient is told to masturbate to his paraphilic fantasies
About this deck
By: Vicky Leonard
Created: 2010-04-29
Size: 87 flashcards
Views: 56
Created: 2010-04-29
Size: 87 flashcards
Views: 56
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy
Kathy