Chp. 8 Vocab

supreme court ruling on power of the president, holding that there is no absolute constitutional executive privilege allowing a president to refuse to comply with a court order to produce info needed in a criminal trial

adopted in 1967 to establish procedures for filling vacancies in the office of president and VP as well as providing for procedures to deal with the disability of a president

the formal body of presidential advisers who head the 15 executive departments. Presidents often add others to this body of formal advisers

formal international agreements entered into by the president that do not require the advice and consent of the US Senate

the formal, constitutional authority of the president to reject bills passed by both houses of congress, thus preventing them from becoming law w/o further congressional action

the authority of a chief executive to delegate part of a bill passed by the legislature that involves taxing or spending. Ruled unconstitutional by the US Supreme Court (determined in **Clinton v. City of New York**) because it gave powers to the president denied him by the Constitution.

passed by congress in 1973; the president is limited in the deployment of troops overseas to a 60 day period in peacetime (which can be extended for an extra 30 days to permit withdrawal) unless congress explicitly gives its approval for a longer period

an executive grant releasing an individual from the punishment or legal consequences of a crime before or after conviction, and restores all rights and privileges of citizenship.

powers that belong to the president b/c they can be inferred from the constitution

the name given to the program of "relief, recovery, reform" begun by President FDR in '33 to bring the US out of the Great Depression

a mini-bureaucracy created in 1939 to help the president oversee the executive branch bureaucracy

the office that prepares the president's annual budget proposal, reviews the budget and programs of the executive departments, supplies economic forecasts, and conducts detailed analysis of proposed bills and agency rules.

rule or regulate issued by the president that has the effect of law. all executive orders must be published in the Federal Register.

limits presidents to 2 4yr. terms. a VP who succeeds a president is eligible for a total of 10yrs. in office: 2 years of a president's remaining term and 2 unelected terms

the house is empowered to vote to impeach the president by a simply majority vote. the senate then acts as a court of law and tries the president for the charged offenses w/ the chief justice presiding. 2/3 majority vote in the senate on any count contained in the articles of impeachment is necessary to remove the president from office. (only 2 presidents-- bill clinton and andrew johnson have been impeached by the house. neither were removed from office by the senate)

protects a president's ability to negotiate trade agreements with confidence that the accords will not be altered by Congress. Trade agreements submitted to congress under fast track procedures bar amendments and require an up or down vote in congress within 90 days of introduction

published in 1971; showed that teh Johnson administration had systematically altered casualty figures and distorted key facts to place the progress of the war in a more positive light.... encouraged congress to pass War Powers Act

over time, the units of EOP have become the prime policy makers in their fields of expertise as they play key roles in advancing the president's policy preferences. Among the EOP's most important members are the National Security Council, the Council of Economic Advisers, the Office of Mgmt & Budget, the Office of the VP, & the Office of the US Trade Representative

direct, presidential appeals to the electorate like those often made by recent presidents

their ability to enact public policy simply because of their name and office

a president sets national policy and priorities thru his budget proposals and his continued insistence on their congressional passage. The budge proposal not only outlines the programs he wants but indicates the importance of each program by the amount of funding requested for each and for its associated agency or department.

preparing the president's annual budget proposal; designing the president's program; reviewing the progress, budget, and program proposals of the executive dept agencies. It also supplies economic forecasts to the president and conducts detailed analyses of proposed bills and agency rules.

court unequivocally stated that Truman had overstepped the boundaries of his office as provided by the constitution

while many executive orders are issued to help clarify or implement legislation enacted by congress, other exec orders have the effect of making new policy.

-natural born citizen

Presidential Succession Act 1947-- listed in order those in line after BP to succeed the president. the succession act has never been used b/c there has always been a VP to take over when a president died in office. The 25th Amendment was added to the constitution in 1967 to assure that this will continue to be the case. Should a vacancy occur in the office of the BP, the 25th A directs the president to appoint a new VP subject to the approval (by a simple majority) of both houses of congress. 

25th A also contains a section that allows the VP and a majority of the cabinet (or some other body determined by congress) to deem a president unable to fulfill his duties. It sets up a procedure to allow the VP to become acting president if the president is incapacitated. President can also voluntarily relinquish his power

constitution requires the Prez to inform the congress periodically of the state of the Union and allows him to convene either one or both houses of congress. in federalist no 77, hamilton justified the latter by noting that b/c the senate & the chief exec enjoy concurrent powers to make treaties, it might often be necessary to call it together w/ a view to this object, when it would be unnecessary and improper to convene the house.

to help the president enforce laws passed by congress, the constitution authorizes him to appoint,w/ the advice&consent of the senate,"ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls,judges of the supreme courts, and all other officers of the US, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law."

this power is checked by the constitution's stipulation that all treaties must be approved by at least 2/3s of the members of the senate. historically, senate ratifies about 90% of treaties (only 21 have been rejected ie: Treaty of Versailles)

article 2: prez is "commander in chief of the army and navy of the US". while the constitution specifically grants congress the authority to declare war, president since Lincoln have used the commander in chief clause in conjunction w/ the chief exec's duty to "take care that the laws be faithfully executed" to wage war. Prezs continually clash w/ congress over war issues.

I.) Establishing presidential authority=

historically presidents hose their VPs largely to balance the presidential ticket, w/ little thought given to the possibility that he become Prez.

no official basis in the constit but it implied in Art. II sec 2, as an informal institution based on practice whose membership is determined by presidential discretion. This advisory group includes the heads of major exec depts & today pres often includes VP in cabinet meetings, as well as any other agency heads or officials.

often more directly responsible to the president are the members of the white house staff: the personal assistants to the president, including senior aides, their deputies, assists w/ professional duties, and clerical and admin aides.

job is to facilitate the smooth running of the staff and the exec branch. successful chiefs of staff also have protected the president from mistakes and helped implement policies to obtain the max political advantage for the president.

research by political scientists shows that presidents can exercise leadership by increasing public attention to a particular issues. They revealed that the mentions of particular policies translate into more americans mentioning those policies as the most important problems facing the nation

very important! presidents who have high approval ratings are assumed to be more powerful leaders w/ a mandate for action that comes largely by virtue of high levels of supports. They are often able to use their clout to push controversial legislation, ie: patriot act, thru congress.

FDR shifted the presidency into a law- and policy-maker role. Now the Prez and the exec branch not only execute the laws but generally suggest them and propose budgets to congress to fund these proposals.

CBO was created in 1974 to evaluate the economic effect of different spending programs and to provide info on the cost of proposed policies. it is responsible for analyzing the president's budget and economic projections. the CBO provides congress and individual members with a valuable second opinion to use in budget debates

among the EOP's most important memebers...

part of EOP-- established in '47 to advise the president on american military affairs and foreign policy. composed of the Prez, VP, sec of state, defense, and treasury. Joint chiefs of staff + CIA also participate. white house chief of staff and general counsel may attend
--> ntl securty adviser runs the staff of the NSC, coordinates info and options, and advises the president