Classical & Operant Conditioning
Psychology 120 with Lebreton at Purdue University
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Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
stimulus that can elicit an unlearned response (an instinctual stimulus)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
an unlearned reaction to the unconditioned stimulus (an instinctual or inborn reaction, salivating to food)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
previously neutral thing in the environment, stimulus that elicits a response as a result of being paired with an Unconditioned Stimulus (a learned stimulus)
Conditioned Response (CR)
response that is similar or identical to the Unconditioned Response that is elicited by a Conditioned Stimulus (a learned response)
- same as UCR
Classical Conditioning
a form of learning in which a previously neutral stimulus (CS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) to elicit a conditioned response (CR) that is identical to or very similar to the unconditioned response (UCR)
Counterconditioning
the process of reversing classical conditioning by pairing the conditioned stimulus with a NEW unconditioned stimulus for a response that is stronger than the conditioned response
Operant Conditioning
learning in which the consequences of behavior lead to changes in the probability of the behavior's occurrence
Positive Reinforcement
when the consequence of a behavior leads to an INCREASE in the probability that the behavior will occur again
Positive Reinforcer
the positive consequence that is presented (not the person presenting it)
- the reward
Primary Reinforcers
things that are innately reinforcing, instinctual
- food, warmth, sexual gratification
Secondary Reinforcers
reinforcers that are learned
- money, prizes, grades, applause
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
the reinforcer is given every time
- great for initial learning
Fixed Ratio Schedule
the reinforcer is given only after a specified number of responses
- high rate of desired behavior
Variable Ratio
the reinforcer is given after a varying number of responses
- produces a high rate of responses and learning is permanent
Fixed Interval Schedule
the reinforcer is given after a fixed amount of time
- responses increase only as the fixed time approaches
Variable Interval Schedule
the reinforcer is given after a variable amount of time
- produces a high rate of steady responses
Shaping
rewarding a series of approximate behaviors until you get the behavior you want
- "Skinner Box" - rats pushing levers
Negative Reinforcement
in INCREASE in behavior (reinforcement) that occurs as a result of the REMOVAL or avoidance of a NEGATIVE event
Punishment
when the consequence of a behavior leads to a DECREASE in the probability that the behavior will occur again (opposite of reinforcement)
Positive Punishment
presenting/adding an aversive/bad stimulus
- hitting or yelling
Negative Punishment
taking away/subtracting a good stimulus
- take away car or video games
Stimulus Discrimination
discriminating between appropriate and inappropriate occasions for a response
Stimulus Generalization
the tendency for similar stimuli to elicit the same response
Extinction
the process of unlearning a learned response because the original source of learning has been removed from the environment
About this deck
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