Communication & Its Disorders

Communicative Disorders And Science 4000 with Henley at East Tennessee State University

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By: Alexandra Coup
Created: 2011-10-19
Size: 69 flashcards
Views: 13

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Speech Science

The study of speech, its anatomical and physiological bases, the formation and production of speech sounds, and perception and understanding of speech

Language Science

The study of the larger, more abstract, and organized system of verbal or nonverbal means of communication

Hearing Science

the study of hearing, its anatomy and physiology, its perception and understanding, and its relation to communication

Communication

the exchange of information

Language

-spoken

-gestures

-signs

-other patterns of communication

Behavioral Definition of Language:

a form of social behavior, shaped and maintained by a verbal community

Linguistic Definition of Language:

a system of codes and symbols used in commnication

What are the five basic components of human communication

1.) Voice

2.) Articulation

3.) Language

4.) Fluency

5.) Hearing

(#6 is CNS)

Where is the voice housed?

Larynx

What is the source of the human voice?

the vibration of the vocal folds

Articulation

the voice or vocal output is shaped into sounds and syllables by the articulators (soft palate, tongue, and lips)

Phonology

the study of speech sounds and sound patterns used to create words. Primarily concerned with the "broader rules and processes that govern the patterns of sound, their acquisition and use, and the knowledge that underlies the use of sound systems."

Phonetics

refers to the "production, perception, and classification of speech sounds."

Phone

a single speech sound

Phoneme

a "group" of speech sounds

ex: /k/ is still recognized as /k/ even if it is produced differently

Syllables

combinations of phonemes. Vowels are necessary

What are the two modes of language

oral and non-oral

What are the 2 primary approaches to language?

Behavioral and Linguistic

Linguistic Approach to Language

holds that language is a system of codes used to communicate

Chomsky

Behavioral Approach to Language

maintains that language is a social endeavor maintained by a verbal community.

Skinner

Lingusitcs

the study of language, its structure, and the rules that govern it

Morphology

the study of structures

Morphemes

the smallest "meaningful" unit of a language

Syntax

pertains to the structure and construction of our language, especially our sentence structure. Rule based, the rules specify the ability to combine words to form reasonable and logical sentences.

Semantics

the study of meaning in language

Transformational Generative Theory

by Chomsky.

with the knowledge of the rules of grammar and transformations, endless sentence varieties can be generated.

Who believes that the understanding of universal rules of grammar are innate and present at birth allowing for the acquisition of language?

Chomsky

Chomsky distinguished language into two groups

1.) Language Competence- innate and perfect knowledge of the rules of universal grammar which apply to all languages (and which is present at birth)

2.) Language Performance- actual production of language. Production may be deficient or variable.

What are the 2 theories of Semantics?

Content Theory and Referent Theory of Meaning

Content Theory

words and sentences that have structure and hold meaning within them, they contain their own meanings.

Problem with the theory is that: if there is an inherent meaning that we should have no problem understanding anything

Referent Theory of Meaning

there is an actual connection to signs/symbols. Visual cat is the animal cat

Problem with the theory is that: it leaves out abstract or non-concrete words like love, ok, afterall, for

Pragmatics

the study of rules that govern the use of language in social situations.

Places greater emphasis on the functions of language than on its structure.

Semantic Relations

contrasting sets of meaning that children acquire.

They follow a developmental pattern:

Nomination--> Child names a "hat"

Possession--> "my hat"

Agent Action--> "daddy throw hat"

What are the 3 pragmatic functions of language?

1.) Instrumental--> we get what we want

2.) Regulatory--> we get others to do what we want

3.) Interactional--> we engage others in social interaction

What are 4 examples of social rules of language?

-turn taking

-proxemics (don't get too close)

-eye contact

-attention

What is the Behavior study of language?

By B.F. Skinner

He theorized that adults guide the development of children's speech by reinforcing babble and "shaping" it into true words.

Consequences to not using correct action are determined by the audience.

Functional Units (Verbal Operants)

different classes of verbal behavior learned under specific conditions and processed under similarly specific conditions.

What are 5 functional units coined by Skinner?

1.) Mands

2.) Tacts

3.) Echoics

4.) Intraverbals

5.) Autoclitics

Mands

verbal behavior controlled by deprivation and aversion.

Ex: child asks for milk, Skinner believes that giving her milk would reinforce her to say it from then on.

Tacts

essentially labeling. Includes nouns, adjectives, action, pronouns, relations, etc.

ex: child says milk to identify the white liquid produced by cows

Echoics

vocal imitative repertoire. The ability of a child to imitate or repeat increased the likelihood of learning and future usage

Intraverbals

responses to verbal behavioral of another person.

Ex: responding to a "wh__ question"

Autoclitics

a form of verbal behavior which modifies the functions of other forms of verbal behavior.

Ex: i think I love you, adding I think changes the whole meaning to the listener.

According to Skinner what is necessary for speech to become communication

MEANING!!! without it you are speaking gibberish

Fluency

easy, smooth, flowing, and relatively effortless speech (according to Hedge)

Fluency can diminish with lack of knowledge on a certain topic.

What are the 2 disorders of fluency?

Cluttering and Stuttering

Prosody

variations in rate, pitch, loudness, stress, intonation, and rhythm.

Mediated by voice and fluency. Much meaning can be conveyed this way.

Hearing

the processing of an auditory (sound) signal by the hearing organs and the brain

The ear is divided into 3 parts, what are they?

Outer ear (pinna, EAC)

Middle Ear (tympanic membrane, ossicles)

Inner Ear (cochlea)

VanRiper

Who said: Speech is abnormal when it deviates so far from the speech of other people that it calls attention to itself, interferes with communication, or causes the speaker or listeners to be distressed.

What are the 2 categories for the cause of disordered speech?

Organic and Functional

Organic Disordered speech

has a root cause in a structure or organ involved in speech production (cleft palate, brain injury)

Function Disordered Speech

has no demonstrable organic cause (idiopathic). These people have normal neuor function, normal speech mechanisms, and are otherwise healthy, but their speech is nonetheless disordered.

Can be: Disordered learning, environmental, habituation, emotional/psychogenic

What are the 2 types of "Age of Onsets" in disordered speech?

Congenital- present at birth or noticed soon after. (never had it to begin with) Efforts are habilitative.

Acquired- A disorder occurs after a period of normal development and communicative competence. Effort are rehabilitative (had it then lost it)

What are the 2 types of disorders for voice

-Aphonia: VF paralysis, laryngectomy, tracheostomy

-Dysphonia: quality of characteristics (loudness or pitch)

Hoarse, breathy, or harsh

Disorders of Articulation are most common in? And these occur when..

Common in children.

Occur when a child cannot correctly produce one or more of the phonemes of her language

Disorders of Language

a disorder of comprehension, expression, or both.

Disorders of Language in Children

difficulties in acquisition- may be slower or incomplete.

Disorders of Language in Adult

-can have persistent developmental issues

-new onset may be acute (sudden) or progressive

Cluttering

rapid speech rate resulting in diminished articulatory precision

Stuttering

excessive amounts or duration of dysfluency

Types of Stuttering

Repetitions

prolongations

Hesitations

Blocks/Stoppages

Stuttering is very often accompanied by:

Secondary Behaviors

Sign of Stuttering

-typically begins in early childhood

-runs in families

-affects males more than females

-can persist into adulthood

-emotionally debilitating

What are the two main types of hearing disorders

1.) Conductive

2.) Sensorineural

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

results from damage to the inner ear (cochlea), the auditory nerve or both

Conductive Hearing Loss

inhibition of sound conduction (travel) from the external environment to the inner ear. (Otitis media, otosclerosis, ossicular disarticulation, atresia, etc.)

What are some internal effects of communicative disorders

embarrassment, withdrawal, isolation, self-doubt, avoidance, shame, behavioral disruption, frustration

What are some external effects of communicative disorders

-lack of attention, dismissal, frustration from partners

-inability to meet needs and wants, delayed education

-perceived limitations in educations or occupation

-interpersonal awkwardness-

About this deck

By: Alexandra Coup
Created: 2011-10-19
Size: 69 flashcards
Views: 13

About StudyBlue

“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj