Conduct problems

Psychology 447 with Olsen at University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

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By: Emily Williams
Created: 2011-03-10
Size: 76 flashcards
Views: 27

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Children w/ sever Conduct Problems often grow up in unfortunate family/neighborhood circumstances and are often exposed to or experience ___

Physical abuse
neglect
poverty
criminal activity

Physically aggressive children show a stable correlation of about __

0.70

__% of MH expenditures are attributable to crime

Public costs of CD (healthcare, juvenile justice, and edu systems) are at least $_______ per year per child

$10,000+

Lifetime costs to society for one youth is at least $______

2 million

Legal perspective definition of conduct problems

Delinquent or criminal acts

Minimum age in most states for children to be held responsible for delinquent behavior is ___yo

Psychological perspective of conduct problems

a continuous dimension of externalizing behavior

Sub-dimensions of externalizing behavior

1. "Rule-breaking behavior": run away, set fires, steal, use drugs, etc

2. "Aggressive Behavior": fighting, destructive, threatening, disruptive

Sub-dimensions of antisocial behavior

1. Over-covert dimension

2. Destructive-nondestructive dimension

Four categories of conduct problems (cross over of dimensions)

Covert-destructive (property violations)
Overt-destructive (aggression)
Covert-nondestructive (status violations)
Overt-Nondestructive (oppositional behavior)

Psychiatric perspective of conduct problems

Distinct mental disorders based on DSM symptoms

Public health perspective of conduct problems

blends legal, psychological, and psychiatric perspectives w/ public health concepts of prevention and intervention

Two DMS-IV-TR disruptive behavior disorders

1. Oppositional Defiant Disorder

2. Conduct Disorder

DMS-IV-TR Diagnostic criteria for ODD

A. A pattern of hostile, defiant behavior; 6+months ; 4+ of the following present:

often

loses temper
argues w/ adults
refuses to comply w/ adult requests
deliberately annoys ppl
blames others for their mistakes
easily annoyed
resentful/angry
spiteful

Among clinic-referred preschoolers from low-income families, __% meet DSM criteria for ODD

75%

Kids w/ ODD are at risk of developing these secondary disorders

mood
anxiety
impulse-control

DSM-IV-TR criteria for CD

A. Persistent patterned behavior violates rights of others and social norms; 3+ criteria in past 12 mo; 1+ criterion in 6 mo:

1-7: Agression to ppl/animals

8-9: Destruction of property

10-12: Deceitfulness or theft

13-15: Serious violations of rules

At least __% of ODD do not progress to have CD

__% ODD kids cease to display problems entirely

Nearly all cases of CD display symptoms of ___

ODD

What is considered a precursor of adult antisocial personality disorder?

Persistent aggressive behavior and CD in childhood

As many as __% of kids w/ CD develop antisocial personality disorder as young adults

Adults w/ APD may also display _____

psychopathy

Signs of Subgroup of kids w/ CD (preschoool to teen)

age 3-5: lack of conscience
preschool entering middle school: brutal acts of violence, lack of concern for others
adolescents: lack affective empathy or embarrassment

Kids w/ CD who lack concern for others display these characteristics

Callous and unemotional interpersonal style
Lack of behavioral inhibition

Callous-unemotional traits

unconcerned w/ feelings of others
don't feel guilty for misdeeds
unconcerned w/ school success
can't keep a promise
don't show feelings/emotions
can't hold peer relationships

Characteristics associated w/ conduct problems

verbal and language deficits
school and learning problems
self-esteem deficits
peer relation problems
family problems
health-related problems

kids w/ CD score nearly __ points _____ than peers in IQ test

8pts lower

IQ deficit of kids w/ childhood-onset CD is ____ points lower than peers

15 or more pts

Lower IQ mediates increased risk of CD when co-occurring w/ ____

ADHD

How could language and verbal deficits contribute to conduct problems?

They would interfere w/ the development of self-control, emotion regulation, and labeling of emotions in others which may lead to a lack of empathy

Kids w/ both verbal impairments and family adversity display ___ times as much aggressive behavior than those w/ just one factor.

4 times

The relationship b/w conduct problems and school difficulties is likely due to a common factor such as

-neuropsychological deficit

-language deficit

-socioeconomic disadvantage

Self-esteem characteristics (of CD) are likely related to a ___ view of self

an inflated, unstable, and/or tentative view of self

Children rejected for a period of 2-3 years by 2nd grade are ___ times more likely to display conduct problems in adolescence

5 times

Two different ways that aggressive children think

1. Reaction-aggressive: show defensive response to frustration, displaying hostile attributional bias

2. Proactive-aggressive: using aggressive actions to get a desired goal and view these actions as a positive, social goals of dominance or revenge

One of strongest and most consistent correlates of conduct problems

family problems

Two types of family disturbances related to conduct problems

1. General family disturbances (parental MH/history, marital discord, limited resources, etc)

2. Specific disturbances in parenting practices and family functioning (harsh punishment, lack of emotional support/involvement/super vision, etc)

Rates of premature death in boys w/ conduct problems are __-___ times higher

3-4 times higher than boys w/o

___% of adolescent multiple drug users commit more than __% of all felony assaults/thefts/offenses

10; 50

Most common comorbid disorders of conduct problems

1. ADHD

2. Anxiety

3. Depression

~__% of kids w/ CD also have ADHD and __% are also diagnosed w/ depression or anxiety

50;50

possible reasons for CD-ADHD overlap

1. A common underlying factor may lead to both

2. ADHD may be a catalyst for CD

3. ADHD may lead to childhood onset of CD

Co-occurring anxiety related to shyness, inhibition, and fear serves as what in conduct problems?

a protective factor

ODD vs CD [general] prevalence

ODD is MORE prevalent than CD in CHILDHOOD, but in adolescence they're about equal.
ODD either decreases or stays stable over time (from kid to teen)
CD increases over time (from kid to teen)

Lifetime prevalence rates for ODD are ~__% (__% for boys, __% for girls)

10 (11m;9f)

Lifetime prevalence rates for CD are ~__% (__% for boys, __% for girls)

9 (12m;7f)

Girls vs boys of conduct problems

- evident by 2-3yo

- childhood: boys= 3-4 times higher conduct problems

- middle childhood: increase difference

- adolescence: decrease diff (b/c of increase in female antisoc. behavior)

- late adolescence: increase diff (b/c males peak of delinquency)

___% girls commit at least one violent act and ___% boys do

45; 65

Indications of conduct problems

1st yrs: difficult temperament

preschool: hyperactivity and oppositional/aggressive behaviors

Most show diversification

from age __-__ cruelty to animals and people

at __yo delinquency peaks

from __-__ yo severe rule breaking

by __ behaviors that portend antisoc future

8-12 ; 17; 12-14; 18

__% of kids w/ early conduct problems improve

Two possible pathways of antisocial behavior

1. Life-course-persistent path (LCP)

2. Adolescent-limited path (AL)

Male vs female adult outcomes

male: criminal behavior, substance abuse, and work problems

female: depression, suicidal behavior, and health problems

___% or more of the variance in antisocial behavior is attributable to heredity

genetic risk factors for antisocial behavior

genes may be related to difficult temperament, impulsiveness, etc that create "personality"
may increase risk of exposure to environmental risk factors
may moderate susceptibility to environmental insults

Two subsystems of the brain related to behavioral patterns

1. Behavioral Activation System (BAS)

2. Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)

Who proposed that behavior patterns are related to 2 subsystems of the brain (BAS and BIS)?

Gray (1987)

Which neurobiological functions play central role in antisocial behavior

low levels of

1. Cortical arousal

2. Autonomic reactivity

Who developed the social-cognitive framework accounting for antisocial behavior?

Dodge and Pettit (2003)

Which processes play central mediating role in social-cognitive model

1. Cognitive processes

2. Emotional processes

In what ways are children presumed to develop social knowledge?

a unique set of ..

- predispositions

- life experiences

- sociocultural context

The study of mothers' interactions w/ 3 boys with and without CD is an example of this type of family influence

Reciprocal influence

Who developed the "Coercion Theory"?

Gerald Patterson

"reinforcement trap"

coercive parent-child interaction of well-practiced actions and reactions, causing family members to be trapped by consequences of their own behaviors.

Which family stresses are related specifically to childhood onset of CD

Unemployment
Low SES
Multiple family transitions

Family risk factors for conduct problems

family instability and stress
parental criminality and antisocial personality
antisocial family values

Exposure to media violence can be what two factors?

1. precipitating: short-term, priming, excitation, imitation of violent behaviors

2. predisposing: long-term, desensitization to violence, observational learning of aggression-supporting belief system

Two-pronged approaches to the treatment of conduct problems

1. Early intervention/prevention programs

2. Ongoing interventions

Three representative treatment approaches that have some success

1. Parent Management Training (PMT)

2. Problem Solving Skills Training (PSST)

3. Multisystemic Training (MST)

Three main assumptions of preventative interventions

1. Treatment is easier and more effective for young than old

2. Counteracting risk factors and strengthening protective factors at young age helps limit or prevent

3. In the long run, preventative treatments will reduce costs (indiv & societal)

About this deck

By: Emily Williams
Created: 2011-03-10
Size: 76 flashcards
Views: 27

About StudyBlue

“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis