cross cultural exam 2

Psychology 3723 with Velezmoro at University of Central Florida

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By: jenna friedman
Created: 2011-03-22
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Views: 24

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Immigration act of 1882

banned paupers and "mental defectives

Public charge act of 1882

barred entry for "any person unable to take care of himself or herself without becoming a public charge"

Immigration act of 1924

annual immigration limited to 150,000, plus accompanying wives and children

Immigration and naturalization act of 1965

ended national origins preference
gave priority for entry to close relatives of US citizens
people with special skills and abilities

The immigration Reform and control act of 1986

aimed to reduce unauthorized immigration by imposing penalties on US employers of illegal immigrants

The immigration act of 1990

raised the previous worldwide annual ceiling on immigration
More than doubled the number of immigration visas granted for economic and employment reasons to 140,000 a year

The Anti-terrorism and Effective death penalty act of 1996

allowed for the expedited removal of foreigners who arrive at airports without proper documents

The personal responsibility and work opportunity reconciliation act of 1996

made most legal immigrants who arrive after august 22, 1996 ineligible for federal means tested welfare benefits

Immigrants

have time to move
plan to visit home country
have a job in place
social network waiting for them

refugee

leave due to perceived or actual violence (have a higher rate of PTSD, especially when separated from family members)

Acculturation

process by which people adopt a different cultural system

intercultural adaption

change behaviors and ways of thinking

intercultural adjustment

subjective experiences people have as they adapt their behaviors and thinking to a new culture

Acculturation stress

stress on immigrants/refugees due to:

language barriers
discrimination
fear
social isolation

Cultural Family Distancing

Differences in language acquisition between parent and child, cultural values, and parenting styles

Berry's Model of acculturation

assimitlationist
separationist
marginalists
interationists

Assimilationists (B)

given up identity in order to identify with new culture

separationist

rejects new values

marginalists

does not identify with either culture (feels that society has harmed them)

interationists

combines both cultures into their identity (best of both worlds)

Laframboise's model of acculturation

assimilationist
acculturated
fusion
alternation
multiculturalists

assimilationist (L)

completely accepts host country

acculturated

competent in host country, but not fully accepting

fusion

creating a third culture

alternation

alternating between both cultures

multiculturalists

understands host country's culture is accepted "from the same blanket"

"realistic" economic reasons American's fear immigrants

taking jobs
lowering wages
creating crime
adding to poverty population
using US for resources
being slow to adjust

Symbolic cultural concerns of American's

values and increased diversity

Illegal immigrants and crime

illegal immigration have lower crime rates than native born americans.

Pros to illegal immigration

cheap labor and working jobs American's do not want

Cons to illegal immigration

tax local governments

Definition of intelligence (Sternberg and Detter)

4 common themes from 24 cognitive psychologists

learn from experience
adapt to environment
metacognition
culture relevant

Definition of intelligence (Goodnow)

Generalization: going beyond the information given
Speed: faster processing is better
Minimal Moves: best performance calls for reaching the solution in the fewest steps
No Hands: preference for mental rather than physical manipulations
Something of One’s Own: preference for originality and creativity

Fluid Intelligence

speed and accuracy of abstract reasoning ability, especially for novel problems and higher mental processes

Crystallized Intelligence

individual’s accumulated knowledge

Definition of intelligence (Spearman)

"g" factor: general factor, representing overall "mental energy"

support: different measures of intelligence

Definition of intelligence (Cattell)

did fluid/crystallized intelligence

Gardner's multiple intelligences

Linguistic
logical-mathematical
spatial
interpersonal
intrapersonal
musical
bodily-kinesthetic
naturalist

Is intelligence biological?

Most researchers agree that about 40-50% of intelligence is related to genetics

Is intelliengence environmental?

nutrition when young
access to resources
family climate
educational access
IQ is correlated with social class
IQ is related to schooling

Stereotype threat

the fear that one can be judged or treated in terms of a sterotype or that one might do something that would inadvertently confirm the sterotype

Stereotype threat & African Americans

when African Americans are placed in a situation in which they can confirm the stereotype that they are less intelligent the additional pressure can undermine performance.

Sterotype threat & women

math
spatial testing
leadership
management
negotiation
entrepreneurship
driving

reasons for US underachievement

extreme egalitarianism-"no child left behind"
anti-intellectualism-smart kids want to fit in
less education
grade inflation (and academic entitlement)-teacher evaluations and rising grades

sex

biological and physiological differences between men and women

sex roles

the behaviors and patterns of activities men and women may engage in that are directly related to their biological differences and the process of reproduciton

sexual identity

the degree of awareness and recognition by and intividual of his or her sex and sex roles

gender

the behavior or patterns of activities a society or culture deems appropriate for men and women

Third gender

genders that are neither man nor woman have been described for many societies

Hira

an alternative gender role in India conceptualized as neither man nor woman

Two spirit

a man living as a woman and considered to have supernatural powers in native American society

Gender stereotypes

Men: Dominance, aggression, achievement
Women: nurturing, harmonious, relationships, affiliation

Sex and gender roles are universal

Baumeister (2007)

3 main conclusions:

men tend to focus on large, shallow social networks which to tend to have a larger cultural impact than the smaller, intimate relationships women focus on
men are disposable
manhood is to be earned (i.e. men must contribute more than they use)

Cognition

All mental processes people use to transform sensory input into knowledge

must scholars view culture itself as cognition

Optical illusion

perceptions involving apparent discrepancy between how an object looks and what it actually is

Carpentered world theory

suggests that people (at least most Americans) are used to seeing things that are rectangular in shape and unconsciously come to expect things to have square corners

front horizontal foreshortening theory

suggests that we interpret vertical lines as horizontal lines extending into the distance.

symbolizing three dimensions in two

theory suggests that people in western cultures focus more on representations on paper than do people in other cultures.

Differences between Jap and American attention

Japanese people were able to give more information about background information but focal objects were equal.

Differences in categorization

While categorization is a universal, cultures differ in the way in which people categorize
study of Chinese and American children.
Chinese: grouped objects according to functional relationship, for instance woman and child.
Americans: grouped objects by shared features, for instance man and woman.

Chiu

study of Chinese and American children.
Chinese: grouped objects according to functional relationship, for instance woman and child.
Americans: grouped objects by shared features, for instance man and woman.

Dialectical thinking

broadly defines as the tendency to accept what seems to be contradictions in thought or belief

tries to find some way that both sides can be correct and tolerates the contradiction

Positive Logical Thinking

tendency to accept logical cause and effect relationship

Mother daughter conflict Dialectical/logical

Dialectical: think about it from both sides, make a compromise

Logical: one side was to blame

Counterfactual thinking

hypothetical beliefs about the past that could have occurred to avoid or change negative outcome

Goodnow

Generalization: going beyond the information given
Speed: faster processing is better
Minimal Moves: best performance calls for reaching the solution in the fewest steps
No Hands: preference for mental rather than physical manipulations
Something of One’s Own: preference for originality and creativity

Kinsey

Biolgoy teacher at IU asked to teach summer marriage course for students

1948: sexual behavior in the human male
1953: sexual behavior in the human femal

Kinsey scale

0- exclusive heterosexual
1- predominantly heterosexual; only incidentally homosexual
2- predominantly heterosexual; but more than incidentally homosexual
3- equally hetero and homo sexual
4- predominantly homosexual; but more than incidentally heterosexual
5- predominantly homosexual; only incidentally heterosexual
6- exclusively homosexual

Goodman experiment

He found that children from wealthier backgrounds saw the coins as smaller than they actually were while those from a poor backgrounds saw them as bigger than they actually were.

Inis Bearg

culture in Ireland describes as "one of the most sexually nai've of the world's societys

women are expected to "endure sex". Men believe that intercourse is hard on their health

Etero

Men believe that semen is necessary to give life force to a fetus, which is said to be placed within a woman by an ancestral spirit.
They believe that there is a limited supple of semen, so sexuality saps male vitality.
only allows heterosexual intercourse about 100 days a year
homosexual acts are seen as essential because they believe that boys cannot produce semen on their own so they must acquire semen from older men, so from age 10 boys are inseminated by older men.

OSA

"online sexual activities"

viewing explicit material
seeking partners
information seeking
seeking community
buying/selling paraphernalia
sexual predation

sex negative cultures

see semen loss, even in coitus, as a weakness; and sexual asceticism is encouraged

sex positive cultures

emphasize the pleasurable, rewarding, and non procreative aspects of sex

Great diversity of accepted behaviors

pre-pubertal sex
showing children how to have sex
not having foreplay
coitus with animals
prepubescent boys to fellate the older ones
polygamy
masturbation
incest (taboo most everywhere)

females prefer ____ in mates

financial prospects, industriousness, ambition, older age

males prefer ____ in mates

youth, good looks, chastity

Cooper (1998) and Cooper (1999)

Cooper and Young found certain reasons for why the Internet is a vehicle for human sexuality cross-culturally.

About this deck

By: jenna friedman
Created: 2011-03-22
Size: 78 flashcards
Views: 24

About StudyBlue

“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy