Data Analysis 1/18- 1/27

StudyBlue printing of Data Analysis 1/18- 1/27 html, body, div, span, applet, object, iframe, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p, blockquote, pre, a, abbr, acronym, address, big, cite, code, del, dfn, em, font, img, ins, kbd, q, s, samp, small, strike, strong, sub, sup, tt, var, b, u, i, center, fieldset, form, label, legend, table, caption, tbody, tfoot, thead, tr, th, td { margin: 0; padding: 0; border: 0; outline: 0; font-size: 100%; background: transparent; } body { line-height: 1; } blockquote, q { quotes: none; } blockquote:before, blockquote:after, q:before, q:after { content: ''; content: none; } /* remember to define focus styles! */ :focus { outline: 0; } /* remember to highlight inserts somehow! */ ins { text-decoration: none; } del { text-decoration: line-through; } /* tables still need 'cellspacing="0"' in the markup */ table { border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0; } /* end RESET */ .header { min-width:800px; } .logo { padding:6px 20px 2px 20px; margin:0; font-size:25px; font-weight:bold; color:#808285; position:relative; border-bottom: 1px solid #c5c5c5; } .logo-blue { color:#70adc4; } .logo-desc { font-weight:normal; font-size:19px; color:#cccccc; margin-top:50px; position:absolute; display: none; } .back-button { position:absolute; top:20px; right:20px; font-size:13px; line-height:25px; color:rgb(0,175,225); font-weight:normal; } .back-button a { color:rgb(0,175,225); } .instructions { padding:0; margin:0; width:100%; position:relative; color:rgb(100,100,100); } .step-holder { border-left:1px solid #ededed; margin-left:20px; } .steps { padding:15px 0; float:left; width:24%; border-right:1px solid #ededed; text-align:center; } .steps-01 { } .steps-02 { } .steps-03 { } .steps-04 { } .label { padding:5px 10px; } .print-button { } .print-button a { background-color:rgb(0,175,225); color:white; line-height: 19px; padding:9px 8px 5px 30px; font-size:14px; text-decoration:none; background-image: url(images/printer.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 7px 50%; -moz-border-radius: 5px; -webkit-border-radius: 5px; } .print-button a:hover { background-color:black; } .theNote .content { width: 8.0in !important; margin: 5px auto; padding:20px; background-color:white; } .theNote .header { border-bottom: 1px dashed #C8C8C8; font-size: 17px; padding: 0 0 10px; line-height: 19px; color: #00ADE1; min-width:500px; } .theNote .body { font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; padding: 10px 0; } .theNote{ padding:6px 0; clear:both; background-color: rgb(200,200,200); } .theNote h3{ color: rgb(100,100,100); } .theNote h1, .theNote h3{ background-color:white; padding:2px 20px; width:8.0in !important; margin: 0 auto; font-size: 15px; } .theNote h1{ padding-top: 10px; font-size: 15px; } .theNote h1:first-child{ font-size: 20px; } .theNote h3 { font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; } #options { border: 3px double #ccc; padding: 5px 12px; margin: 10px 50px 10px 20px; float: left; } #info { border-top: 1px solid #ccc; padding-top: 5px; font-style: italic; } li { margin: 5px 10px 5px 25px; } ul li { list-style: disc; } ol li { list-style: decimal; } img { border: 0; } table { clear: both; width: 100%; border: 1px solid #c5c5c5; border-width: 1px 0; margin: 0; page-break-after: always; } table#page { page-break-after: auto; } td { text-align: center; font-size: 12px; border-bottom: 1px dashed #c5c5c5; height: 1.75in; width: 50%; padding-left: 15px; } .leftside { border-right: 1px solid #cccccc; padding: 0 15px 0 0; } .bottom td { border-bottom: none; } .clearfix { clear:both; line-height:1px; height:1px; } img { max-width:80%; max-height:150px; margin:20px; } @media print {.header { display: none; } .content .header{ display:inherit; } table { border: 1px dashed #bbb; border-width: 1px 0; } .theNote{ background-color:white; } } Data Analysis Population: all the terms of interest Sample: subset of the population Parameter: descriptive measure of a sample any # that describes a population Statistic: using sample (where you have sample, you have error) mean for population is called Mu mean for sample is called exbar Mean: measure of central tendency sigma (Σ) is standard deviation of a population Little s is standard deviation of a sample 3 measures of central location mean, median, mode 3 measures of variability standard deviation, variance, range correlation coefficient: r - tells relationship btwn two sets of numbers measures relationships -- NOT causation! 3 Types of research design non-experimental: observe data thats already collected experimental: random assignment (experimenter controls) quasi-experimental: different by how they are conducted random sample: going out to ask people questions w/o bias random assignment: everyone has equal chance of being selected 3 principals of causality cause before effect statistical significance (called rejecting the null) ruling out alternative explanations (by random assignment) 3 types of numbers nominal: categorical - numbers that serve as words - COUNTED ordinal: numbers serve as names but ORDER MATTERS interval: data that are real numbers (quantitative data) When you have 2 quantitative variables you can make a scatter plot positively correlated -go the same way negatively correlated - go the opposite direction Excel 1. click title of first column hold shift down and arrow over one to the right keep holding shift - press end - arrow down click on labels in first row box select output range and enter any random empty cell select summary - press ok writing an intelligent sentence about statistics use empirical rule for example: 68% were w/in 15 points We cannot judge how good of a golfer he is because we are not sure how hard the course was when taking par into consideration. Excel highlight first title hold down shift and arrow over one double click middle line while holding down shift when you have 2 quantitative variables and are looking at relationship on scatter plot the ind. variable always goes on x axis dependent variable always goes on y axis Correlation correlation is closer to 1 when numbers on scatter plot (dots) are not in a straight line click one dot - right click - choose linear - select both boxes at the bottom - press ok Z-scores: count standard deviations (remember empirical rule) Columns B & C will always add up to be .5 further away the z-score is from the mean, the larger the area you can have negative numbers but you can never have negative space Know the Central Limit Theorem new formula using standard error on bottom the bigger the n the smaller the standard error use the new formula (with standard error) if you have more than one score Working problems answer will be 0 if zscore answer is bigger than four bc zscores do not go higher than 4 ex: 9.15 part c it is very unlikely to find 100 women taller than 66 in. Note: if answer is .05 for part C on zscore table always use 1.645 bc it is in between 1.64 and 1.65