HESI A2 Study Cards

b. decimal

What kind of number system is commonly used in the United States?

a. tertiary

b. decimal

c. napoleonic

d. binary

d. Roman

Place value is not used in which numeric system?

a. Arabian

b. Cyrillic

c. decimal

d. Roman

a. Roman

The numeral 0 is not used in which numeric system?

a. Roman

b. decimal

c. Chinese

d. Bulgarian

b. 1727 ( 11 x 157 = 1727)

A telemarketer must call 157 U.S. phone numbers every shift to meet their quota. How many buttons will have to be pushed to make 157 long-distance calls?

a. 2,000

b. 1,727

c. 1,099

d. 1,570

a. 7 lb 10 oz

A newborn weights 3,459 grams. There are 453.9 grams per pound. What is the infant's weightin pounds and ounces?

a. 7 lb 10 oz

b. 10 lb 7 oz

c. 13 lb 3 oz

d. 3 lb 13 oz

.0625

How many pounds in an ounce?

10

.625 lbs is how many ounces?

37

What temperature is 98.6^o Fahrenheit? (enter numeric value only. If rounding is necessary, round to the whole number.)

212^o Fahrenheit - 100^o Celsius

What is the boiling point in Fahrenheit? What is the boiling point in Celsius?

°C = (°F - 32) ÷ 1.8

What is the formula to convert Fahrenheit to Celsius?

°F = (°C x 1.8) + 32

What is the formula to convert from Celsius to Fahrenheit?

32°F , 0 °C

What is freezing in Fahrenheit? What is freezing in Celsius?

28.35 grams

1 ounce is how many grams?

1 pound

What is 0.45 kilograms converted to pounds?

2.21 pounds

1 kilogram is equal to how many pounds?

c. early afternoon to bedtime

A nurse works in a military hospital from 1300 to 2000. What time of day does this nurse work?

a. early morning to early afternoon

b. lunch time to midnight

c. early afternoon to bedtime

d. midnight to sunrise

440 mL

A nurse is reviewing the daily intake and output (I & O) of a patient consuming a clar diet. The drainage bag denotes a total of 1,000 mL for the past 24 hours. The total intake is:

2 - 8oz cups of coffee

1 - 16oz serving of clear soup

1 - pint of water consumed throughout the day

How much is the deficit in milliliters? (Enter numeric value only. If rounding is necessary round to the whole number.)

30 milliliters

1 ounce is how many milliliters?

1000

How many millimeters in a liter?

29.57 milliliters (30)

How many milliliters in 1 ounce?

0.47 liters

How many liters in a pint?

15 mL

A woman received a bottle of perfume as a present. The bottle contains 1/2 oz of perfume. How many milliliters is this? (Enter numeric value only. If rounding is necessary round to the whole number.)

c. 10

The metric system of measurement was developed in France during Napoleon's reign. It is based on what multiplication factor?

a. The length of Napoleon's forearm.

b. 2

c. 10

d. Atomic weight of helium

1000

How many meters are in a kilometer?

1000

How many grams are in a kilogram?

a. 2.2

To convert pounds to kilograms, what factor is used?

a. 2.2

b. 0.334

c. 10

d. 22

Anterior: In front of, front
Posterior: After, behind, following, toward the rear

Distal: Away from, farther from the origin
Proximal: Near, closer to the origin

Dorsal: Near the upper surface, toward the back
Ventral: Toward the bottom, toward the belly

Superior: Above, over
Inferior: Below, under

Lateral: Toward the side, away from the mid-line
Medial: Toward the mid-line, middle, away from the side

Rostral: Toward the front
Caudal: Toward the back, toward the tail

Lateral Plane or Sagittal Plane: This plane divides the body into right and left regions.

Median or Midsagittal Plane: Sagittal plane that divides the body into equal right and left regions.

Parasagittal Plane: Sagittal plane that divides the body into unequal right and left regions.

Frontal Plane or Coronal Plane: This plane divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) regions.

Transverse Plane: This plane divides the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) regions.

the study of tissues

What is histology?

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve

What are the four fundamental tissues of the body?

cover, line, and protect the body and its internal organs

What do epithelial cells do?

the framework of the body, providing suport and structure for the organs

What is the job of the connective tissue?

neurons and connective tissue cells that are referred to as neuroglia.

Nerve tissue is composed of........

a) contract or shorten b) voluntary muscle (skeletal muscles) c) involuntary muscle ( smooth muscle (hollow organs: blood, GI, bladder or urterus (lack of visible cross striations ) and cardiac muscle))

Muscle tissues have the ability to (a) ____ or _____. Muscle tissue is classified as (b) _____ ____ or (c) _____ _____.

the basic unit of life and the building block of tissues and organs

define "cell"

Nucleus - contains DNA, ribosomes - synthesis of proteins

What are the functions of the of the nucleus and the ribosomes of the cell?

regulate all chemical reactions within the body

What is the function of proteins in the body?

growth and repair

What is the function of mitosis?

special cell division that takes place in the gonads (ovaries and testes)

What is the function of meiosis?

chromosome number is reduced from 46 to 23 so when the egg and the sperm unite in fertilization, the zygote will have the correct number of chromosomes.

What is the process of meiosis?

mucous, serous, synovial, and cutaneous

What are the principal kinds of membranes that are made up mainly of epithelial tissue?

sudoriferous (small tubular structures of the skin that produce sweat), sebaceous ( microscopic glands in the skin that secrete an oily/waxy matter, called sebum, to lubricate the skin and hair) and ceruminous (which produce ear wax)

What are the main type of glands?

a) bone b) joints, the thorax and various righid tubes

Cartilate is replaced by (a) _____ in embryonic developement, and found mainly in (b) ____, the _____, and _______.

skin

The largest organ of the body.

epidermis (outer,keratinized epithelial cells) and dermis ( underlying layer of connective tissue with blood vessels, nerve endings, and associated skin structures)

The skin consists of two layers, what are they?

What are the layers of epidermis from outer layer to inner layer?

melanin

The epidermal cells contain the protein pigment that protects against radiation from the sun. Name the protein.

body's major barrier against an inhospitable environment

What is the function of the epidermis?

fibrous connective tissue with blood vessels, sensory nerve endings, hair follicles, and glands.

The inner layer of the skin (dermis) is composed of:

eccrine glands and apocrine glands

There are two types of sweat glands. Name them.

eccrine glands

This type of sweat gland regulates body temperature by releasing a watery secretion that evaporates from the surface of the skin, and the most widely distributed sweat gland.

apocrine gland

The type of sweat gland, mainly in the armpits and groin area, in which the secretion contains bits of cytoplasm from the secreting cells. This cell debris attracts bacteria, and the presence of the bacteria on the skin results in body odor.

sebaceous glands

These glands release an oily secretion (sebum) through the hair follicles that lubricates the skin and prevents drying. The oil is produced by holocrine (produced in the cytoplasm of the cell and released by the rupture of the plasma membrane) secretion, in which whole cells of the gland are part of the secretion. These glands are susceptible to becoming clogged and attracting bacteria, particularly during adolescence.

a) hair and nails b) keratin

The appendates of the skin include (a)____ and ____, and are composed of a strong protein called (b)_____.

skeletal system

This is the body framework that consists of bone, cartilage, and ligaments, plus the joints between the bones.

support, permission of movement, blood cell formation (hemopoiesis), protection of internal organs, detoxification (removal of poisons), provision for muscle attachment, and mineral storage (particularly calcium and phosphorus).

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

hemopoiesis

What is the term for blood cell formation?

long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, and seasmoid bones.

What are the 5 classifications of bones?

femurs, tibias, and fibulas of the legs, the humeri, radii, and ulnas of the arms, metacarpals and metatarsals of the hands and feet, and the phalanges of the fingers and toes.

What are the long bones of the body?

What are the short bones of the body?

cranium (skull), the ilium (pelvis), sternum, rib cage, the sacrum and the scapula - ( found where the principal requirement is either extensive protection or the provision of broad surfaces for muscular attachment)

What are the flat bones of the body?

inner ear, verterbrate and the back of the ankle

What are the irregular bones of the body?

knee (the patella), hand — distal portions of the first metacarpal bone (within the tendons of adductor pollicis and flexor pollicis brevis). The pisiform of the wrist

foot - the first metatarsal bone usually has two sesamoid bones at its connection to the big toe

What are the sesamoid bones of the body and their function? (found in locations where a tendon passes over a joint). They act to protect the tendon and to increase its mechanical effect.

diaphysis

What is another name for the shaft of a long bone?

epiphysis

What is the term for the irregular ends of the long bone composes mainly of spnogy (calcellous) bone?

osteoblasts

What are the cells that form compact bone?

osteocytes

When osteoblasts become fixed in the dense bone matrix they stop dividing but continue to maintain bone tissue. What is the term for these cells?

axial and appendicular

There are two "definitions" of the skeleton, what are they?

28 bones of skull (14 facial bones, 14 cranial), 33 bones of the vertebral column

What are the parts of the axial skeleton? How many bones are encompassed in the axial skeleton?

2 nasal , 2 maxillary, 2 zygomatic, 1 mandible, 2 palatine, 1 vomer, 2 lacrimal, and 2 inferior nasal conchae.

What are the facial bones of the axial skeleton?

occipital, frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, temporal, 1 pair of parietal, and the ossicles of the ear (malleus, incus, and stapes)

What are the cranium bones of the axial skeleton?

12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral (fused to form the sacrum), coccygeal (tailbone) - 12 pairs of ribs

What are the bones of the vertebral column of the axial skeleton?

the pectoral (shoulder girdle), clavicle, scapula, bones of the humerus, the radius, ulna, carpals (wrist bones), metacarpals (bones of the hand), phalanges (fingers/toes), pelvic girdle (ilium, ischium, and pubis), femur, thibia, fibula, tarsals (ankle bone) metatarsals (bones of the foot)

What are the bones of the appendicular skeleton?

produce movement by contracting in response to nervous stimulation

How do muscles produce movement?

the sliding together of actin and myosin filaments within the muscle cell or fiber.

Muscle contractions result from:

adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and calcium

What must be present in order for muscles cells to contract?

muscles of the body

Skeletal muscle responsible for movement - voluntary

Cardiac muscle responsible for pumping blood - involuntary

Smooth muscle responsible for sustained contractions in the blood vessels, gi tract, and other areas in the body - involuntary

Name the 3 general types of muscle tissue and their functions.

flexors

These muscles reduce the angle at the joint.

extensors

These muscles increase the angle at a joint.

abductors

These muscles draw a limb away from the midline.

adductors

These muscles return the limb back toward the body.

dorsal horns

Sensory impulses enter the ____ ____ of the spinal cord.

ventral horns

Motor impulses leave through the ____ ____ of the spinal cord.

the brain, spinal cord and nerves

The nervous system consists essentially of.........

perceive changes that take place in our external and internal environments and to respond to those changes (i.e., seeing, hearing, tasting, smelling, and touching). supplying nerve impulses to the skeletal muscles for contraction, works w/endocrine system (i.e., digestion and reproduction)

The nervous system enables us to:

transmission of nerve impulses over neurons

All actions of the nervous system depend on the............

the body, axon and dendrites

The main parts of a neuron are.......

dendrites

_____ transmit the impulse toward the body cell.

axons

_____ transit the impulse away from the cell body.

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

This nervous system consists of all the nerves that transmit information to and from the CNS.

Central Nervous System (CNS)

The part of the nervous system that integrates the information that it receives from, and coordinates the activity of, all parts of the bodies.

sensory (afferent) neurons

These neurons transmit nerve impulses toward the CNS.

motor (efferent) neurons

These neurons transmit nerve impulses away frm the CNS.

cerebrum (associated with movement and sensory input), cerebellum (responsible for muscular coordination), medulla oblongata (controls many vital functions such as respiration and heart rate)

What are the major parts of the brain and their functions?

roughly 18 inches long and extends from the base of the skull (foramen magnum) to the first or second lumbar vertebra (L₁ or L₂)

How long is the spinal cord and describe its location.

31

How many spinal nerves exit the spinal cord?

growth and sexual maturation

The endocrine system assists the nervous system in homeostatis and plays important roles in _____ and ____ ____.

hypothalamus and pituitary gland

The endocrine system and the nervous system meet at the ________ and _____ _____.

feedback of hormones in the blood

The hypothalamus governs the pititary and is turn controlled by the .............

chemical messenger that control the growth, differentiation, and metabolism of specific target cells

What is the definition of hormones and what are their functions?

steroid and protein

There are two major groups of hormones, what are they?

enter the target cells and have a direct effect on the DNA of the nucleus.

Steroid hormones..........

remain at the cell surface and act through a second messenger, usually AMP (adenosine mono phosphate)

Protein hormones.............

production of hormones

What is the purpose of the endocrine glands?

stomach, small intestine, and kidneys

What are other organs outside the endocrine system that produce hormones?

reduces inflammation, raise the blood sugar level, and inhibits the release of histamine

Cortisol released from the adreal cortex produces what effects?

pituitary gland

What is nicknamed "the master gland"?

infundibulum

The pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus by a stalk called the ________.

anterior (adenohypophysis) and posterior (neurohypophysis)

The anterior is divided into two lobes. What are the names associated with these lobes?

a) tropic - somatorphin (STH) or growth hormone (GH); adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH); thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH); follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Hormones of the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) act mainly on other endocrine glands, what is this term? What are the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary?

oxytocin and ADH (antidiuretec hormone)

What hormones are released by the posterior pituitary?

pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, adrenals, and gonads

Name the endocrine glands.

Zona glomerulosa (outer) - mineralocorticoids, aldosterone, (long-term regulation of blood pressure) Zona fasciculata - glucocorticoids, chiefly cortisol (also produce bursts of the hormone in response to (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary) Zona reticularis - produces androgens

What are the adrenal cortex layers and what hormones do they produce?

epinephrine and norepinephrine (catecholamine)

What hormones are produced in the adrenal medulla?

insulin and glucagon

What hormones are produced in the pancreas?

controls how quickly the body uses energy, makes proteins, and controls how sensitive the body should be to other hormones - thyroxine (T₄) - and (T₃) triiodothyronine - Calcitonin (by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid (also known as C-cells) )

What hormones are produced by the thyroid? What are the functions?

parathyroid hormone (PTH) - controls the amount of calcium in the blood and within the bones.

What hormone is produced by the parathyroid and what is its function?

hirsutism

Excessive hair growth, usually in females, reflect excessive androgen production

hypophysectomy

surgical remova of the pituitary gland

thyroid storm

A sudden and dangerous increase in all of the symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to excessive amounts of circulating TH. Symptoms: fever, rapid heart rate, high bp, dehydration, nervousness, and tremors. Preciptating factors: severe infection, excessive intake of TH supplements, and trauma.

psychosocial dwarfism

dwarfism (and failure to thrive) resulting from stress and emotional disorders that suppress hypothalamic release of growth hormone-releasing hormone and thus anterior pituitary secretin of growth hormone.

prolactinoma

The most common type (30%-40%) of pituitary gland tumor; evidenced by hypersecretion of prolactin and menstrual distrubeances in women.

autocrines

chemicals that exert their effects on the same cells that secret them.

paracrines

act locally but affect cell types other than those releaseing the paracrine chemical.

diabetes inspidus

ADH deficiency marked by the output of huge amounts of urine and intense thirst.

diabetes mellitus

insulin deficiency causes large amounts of blood glucose to be lost in the urine.

hyporparathyroidism

the parathyroid glands in the neck do not produce enough parathyroid hormone (PTH). Abdominal pain, brittle nails, cataracts, dry hair, dry skin, muscle cramps, muscle pain, seizures, tingling in lips, fingers and toes, weakened tooth enamel in children, hand or foot spasms

hyperthyroidism

excessive production of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Back pain, blurred vision, bone pain or tenderness, decrased height, depression, fatigue, fracture of long bones, increased urine output, itchy skin, joint pain, loss of appetite, nausea, muscle weakness or pain,personality changes, stupor and possibly coma, upper abdominal pain

Cushing's disease

glucocorticoid excess caused by an ACTH-releasing pituitary tumor.persistent elevated blood glucose levels (steroid diabetes), dramatic losses in muscle and bone protein, wand water and salt retention leading to hypertension and edema.

Addison's disease

hyposecretory disorder of the adrenal cortex - deficits in both glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. Loss ov weight plasma glucose and sodium levels drop and potassium levels rise. Severe dehydration and hypotension.

adrenogenital syndrome

masculinization - caused by hypersecretion of gonodocorticoids

hyperglycemia

elevated blood glucose - increased metabolic rate, rapid heartbeat and palpitations, hypertension, intense nervousness and sweating.

approximately 55% plasma and 45% formed elements (erythrocytes (red blood cells) leukocytes (white blood cells) and platelets.

What makes up whole blood?

from stem cells in red bone marrow

Where are the formed elements of blood produced?

hemoglobin

Oxygen is bound to the pigmented protein called.........

erythrocytes

______ transport oxygen.

neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, basophils, and esinophils

What are the 5 types of leukocytes.

neutrophil

Leukocyte: multilobed, inconsipicuous cytoplasmic granules; diamter 10-12 um. Cells/uL (mm³) of blood = 3000-7000. Function = phagocytize bacteria.

eosinophil

Leukocyte: nucleus is bilobed; red cytoplasmic granules; diamter 10-14 um; cell/uL (mm³) of blood = 100-400. Function = kill parasitic worms; complex role in allergy and asthma

basophil

Leukocyte: nucleus bilobed: large purplish-black cytoplasmic granules; diamter 10-14- um. Cells/uL (mm³) of blood = 20-50. Function - release histamine and other mediators of inflammation; contain heparin (an anticoagulant).

lymphocyte

Leukocyte: nucleus spehrical or indented; pale blue cytoplasm; diamter 5-17 um. cells/uL (mm³) of blood = 1500-3000. Function - mount immune response by direct cell attack or via antibodies. (viral)

monocytes

Leukocyte: nucleu U or kidney shaped; gray-blue cytoplasm; diamter 14-24 um. cells/uL (mm³) of blood = 100-700. Function - phagocytosis; develop into macrophages in the tissues. (viral)

platelets

discoid cytoplasmic fragments containing granules; stain deep purple; diamgter 2-4 um. cells/uL (mm³) of blood = 150,000-400,000. Function - seal small tears in blood vessels; instrumental in blood clotting.

to transport oxygen and nutrients to body cells and to carry away carbon dioxide and metabolic wasts.

What are the functions of blood?

plasma

______ contains approximately 10% proteins, ions , nutrients, wasteproducts, and hormones, which are dissolved or suspended in water.

the heart

A double pump that sends blood to the lungs for oxygenation through the pulmonary circuit and to the remainder of the body through the systemic circuit.

a) atria b) ventricles

Blood is received by the (a) ____ and is pumped into circulation by the (b) _____.

tricuspid (right side) - bicuspid (mitral) - (left side)

Valves between the atria and ventricles include...........

semilunar valves

_____ _____ are found at the entrances of the pulmonary trunk and the aorta.

coronary arteries

Blood is supplied to the heart muscle (myocardium) by the ____ ____.

endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium

What are the 3 layers of the heart muscle, from interior to exterior?

coronary sinus

Blood drains from the myocardium directly into the right atrium through the _____ ______.

electrocardiogram (ECG)

The heart has an intrinsic beat initiated by the sinoatrial node and transmitted along a conduction system through the myocardium. This wave of electrical activity is what is measured on an ________.

one ventricular contraction to the end of the next ventricular contraction.

The cardiac cycle is the period from ..........

a) systole b) diastole

The contraction phase of the heart cycle is (a)_______; the relaxation phase is (b)________.

(a) arteries (b) veins (c) capillaries

(a)____ carry blood away from the heart, (b) ______ carry blood toward the heart. Microscopic vessles (c) ______ is where exchanges take plkace between the blood and the cells of the body.

systemic

The ______ arteries begin with the aorta, which sends branches to all parts of the body.

arterioles

The smallest arteries are called ________.

superior and inferior venae cavae

The _____ and _____ _____ _____ are the large veins that empty into the right atrium of the heart.

vasoconstriction and vasodilation

______ and _____ result from contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles in the arterial walls. These influence blood pressure and blood distribution to the tissues.

a) veins b) arteries

The walls of the (a) _____ are thinner and less elastic than those of the (b) ______, and they carry blood under lower pressure.

pressure of the skeletal muscles on the veins, expansion of the chest in breathing, and valves in the veins of the legs that keep blood moving in a foward direction.

Mechanisms that help to draw venous blood back to the heart include:

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs with their alveoli, diaphragm, and muscles surrounding the ribs

The components of the respiratory system include:

(a) oxygen (b) carbon dioxide

The respiratory system supplies (a) _____ to the body and eliminates (b) ____ ____.

external respiration

____ ____ refers to the exchanges of gases between the atmosphere and the blood through the alveoli.

internal respiration

_____ _____ refers to the exchange of gases between blood and the body cells.

a) nasal cavities b) alveoli

The passageways between the (a) _____ ______ and the (b) _____ conduct gases to and from the lungs. The upper passageways also serve to warm, filter, and moisten incoming air.

cilia

The upper respiratory tubules are lined with ______ that help to trap debris and keep foreign substances from entering the lungs.

a) diaphragm b) passive process

Inhalation requires the contraction of the (a)_____ to enlarge the chest cavity and draw air into the lungs. Exhalation is a (b)_____ _____ during which the lungs recoil as the respiratory muscles relax and the thorax decreases in size.

hemoglobin

Most of the oxygen carried in the blood is bound to _____ in red blood cells.

a) oxgen b) oxygen

(a) _____ is released from hemoglobin as the concentration of (b) ______ drops in the tissues.

a) bicarbonate ion b) carbonic anhydrase c) hydrogen ions

Some carbon dioxide is carried in solution or bound to blood prteins, but most is coverted to (a) _____ _____ by (b) _____ _____ within red blood cells. Because the reaction also releases (c) _____ _____, carbon dioxide is a regulator of blood pH.

the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestin, large intestine, rectum, and anus.

The alimentary canal or digestive tube consists of:

liver, pancreas, and gallbladder

The accessory organs of digestion include:

chewing

mastication

amylase

Saliva contains an enzyme that starts the digestion of complex carbohydrates. What is this enzyme called?

bolus

A ball of food formed by the amylase that starts the digestion of complex carbohydrates.

mucous membrane, the submucous layer, the muscular layer, and the serous layer

The digestive tract has four main layers from inner to outer:

a) hydrochloric acid b)chyme

Food enters the stomach, where gastric glands secrete (a) ______ _____ that breaks down foods. The stomach muscle churns and mixes the bolus of food, turning the mass into a soupy substance called (b) ______.

small intestine

Almost all digestion and absorption of food occurs in the _____ _____.

duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum

The small intestine consists of three major regions:

a) small intestine b) blood c) lacteals d) hepatic portal vein

Nutrients are absorbed through the walls of the (a) _____ _____. The amino acids and simple sugars derived from proteins and carbohydrates are absorbed directly into the (b) _____. Most of the fats are absorbed into the lymph by the (c) _____, which eventually are added to the bloodstream. All nutrients then enter the (d) _____ _____ ____ to be routed to the liver for decontamination.

villa

Small fingerlike projections called ____ greatly increase the surface area of the intestinal wall.

reabsorbs water and stores and eliminates undigested food

The large intestine.........

ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon, the sigmoid colon, and the rectum, and the opening for defecation (expelling of stool) is the anus.

The large intestine is arranged into five portions:

mouth

Breaks up food particles. Assists in producing spoken language.

pharynx

swallows

saliary glands

saliva moistens and lubricates food. Amylase digests polysaccharides

esophagus

transports food

stomach

stores and churns food. Pepsin digest protein. HCL activates enzymes, breaks up food, kills germs. Mucus protects stomach wall. Limited absorption

liver

breaks down and builds up many biological molecules. Stores vitamins and iron. Destroys old blood cells. Destroys poisons. Bile acids in digestion.

pancreas

Hormones regulate blood glucose levels. Bicarbonates neutralize stomach acid. Trypsin and chymotrypsin digest proteins. Amylase digests polysaccharides. Lipase digest lipids.

small intestine

Completes digestion. Mucus protects gut wall. Absorbs nutrients, most water. Peptidase digests proteins. Sucrases digest sugars. Amylase digests polysaccharides.

large intestine

Reabsorbs some water and ions. Forms and stores feces.

rectum

Stores and expels feces.

Anus

Opening for elimination of feces.

2 kidneys, 2 ureters, a urinary bladder, and the urethra

The urinary system consists of:

filter the blood

The kidneys function is to..........

urinary bladder

The ureters are tubes that transport urine to the _____ _____, where urine is stored before urination through the urethra to the outside.

a) nephrons b) glomerulus

The functional units of the kidney are the (a)_____. These small coiled tubes filter waste material out of blood brought to the kidney by the renal artery. The actual filtration process occurs through the (b) _____ in Bowman's capsule of the nephron under the force of blood pressure.

production of gametes (sex cells) and production of hormones

The male and female sex organs (testes and ovaries) have two functions:

tropic hormones

The production of hormones by the male and female sex organs are under control of _____ _____ from the pituitary gland.

meiosis

The gamates are fromed by _____.

a) cyclic b) continuous

Reproductive activity is (a) ____ in women, but (b) _____ in men.

seminiferous tubules

In men, spermatozoa develop within the _____ _____ of each testis.

testerone

The interstitial cells between the the seminiferous tubules produce ______. This male hormone influences sperm cell development, and also produces the male secondary sex characteristics such as body hair and deep voice.

epididymis

Once produced, sperm are stored in the _____ of each testis.

the vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, and urethra

During ejaculation, the pathway for the sperm includes........ Along the pathway are glands that produce the transport medium or semen.

seminal vesicles, prostate gland and bulbourethral (Dowper's) glands

Glands that produce transport medium or semen.

FSH stimulates sperm production. LH stimulates the interstitial cells to produce testosterone

Testicular activity is under the control of two anterior pituitary hormones. What are they?

FSH

In women, each month several eggs ripen within the ovarian follicles in the ovary under the influence of which hormone?

corpus luteum

The ____ ____ secretes the hormone progesterone, whch further stimulates development of the endometrium.

abdominopelvic

cavity composed of the abdomen and the pelvis.

absorption

movement of nutrients from the digestive tube into the bloodstream

actin

protein making up the I band of the sarcomere

amino acid

the building block of proteins

antibody

special proteins that protect the body from foreign substances

ATP

abbreviation for adenosine triphosphate, which is the energy of the cell

Atria

upper chambers of the heart

bile

product of the liver that emulsifies fat

cartilage

tissue made of cells and fibers that connect and support

ceruminous gland

gland of the ear that produces earwax

chromosomes

bodies within the nucleus made of DNA and proteins called histones

Cilia

small hairlike projections on some cells

CNS

abbreviation for central nervous system, which is made up of the brain and spinal cord

Coronal Plane

imaginary line passing through the body from head to feet that divides the body into front and back portions

cranial cavity

body cavity containing the brain

diaphragm

dome-shaped breathing muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities

diffusion

movement of materials from high concentration to lower concentration

digestion

the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food

dorsal horn

crescent-shaped projection of gray matter within the spinal cord where sensory neurons enter the spinal cord

ECG

abbreviation for electrocardiogram, which is a record of the electrical activity of the heart

embryo

prenatal development time between the zygote and the fetus

endometrium

inner lining of the uterus

enzymes

functional proteins; their names usually end in ase

foremen magnum

a passage in the skull bone through which the spinal cord enters the spinal column

formed elements

the blood cells

glucose

a simple sugar found in certain foods, especially fruits

homeostasis

the physiologic steady state that is naturally maintained within the body

hypothalamus

portion of the brain that regulates body temperature, sleep, and appetite

ingest

to eat food and drink

joints

articulations between adjoining bones

keratin

a tough, fibrous, insoluable protein forming the primary component of skin, hair, nails, and tooth enamel.

keratinized epithelium

the dead cells of the epidermis

lacteal vessel

found within the villi of intestinal wall, where fat nutrients are absorbed

ligaments

tissue connecting bone to bone

median plane

an imaginary line dividing the body or body part into right and left portions

mediastinum

space within the thoracic cavity that houses all the organs of the chest except the lungs

metabolism

the sum total of uses of ATP in the body

mucous membrane

thin sheets of tissue cells that line body openings or canals that open to the outside of the body

myosin

a protein that makes up nearly half of the proteins in muscle cells

nucleus

the control center of the cell

oral cavity

the mouth, also known as the buccal cavity

orbits

cavities containing the eyes

organelle

a structurally discrete component of a cell that performs a specific function

pH

measurement associated with acids and bases

phagocytosis

engulfing of materials by certain cells of the body

plasma

the liquid portion of blood

pulmonary circulation

blood flow through a network of vessels between the heart and the lungs for the oxygenation of blood and the removal of cabon dioxide.

ribosome

the organelle of the cell where protein synthesis takes place

sagittal

an imaginary line runnning from front to back that divides the body into right and left portions

sarcoplasmic reticulum

organelle of the muscle fiber that stores calcium

sebaceous glands

oil glands of the skin

serous membranes

thin sheets of tissue that line body cavities not having exits to the outside

spinal column

the backbone that protects the spinal cord, which runs inside of it

subcutaneous tissue

layer of tissue under the dermis that contains adipose tissue

sudoriferous glands

sweat glands

synovial membranes

loose, connective tissue that lines the joint cavity

systemic circulation

the general blood circulation of the body, not including the lungs

thoracic cavity

the chest cavity

transverse plane

an imaginary line dividing the body or body parts into top and bottom portions

vasoconstiction

a narrowing of the diameter of a blood vessel

vasodilation

a widening of the diameter of a blood vessel

ventral horns

the anterior columns of the gray matter of the spinal cord

ventricles

lower chambers of the heart

zygote

the fertilized egg, from the time it is fertilized until it is implanted in the uterus

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