Geography
Geography 1700 with Cromley at University of Connecticut
About this deck
By: Ke coult
Created: 2011-01-24
Size: 83 flashcards
Views: 913
Created: 2011-01-24
Size: 83 flashcards
Views: 913
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Globalization
the increasing interconnectedness of people and places through the converging processes of economic, political, and cultural change
Example: speed has increased since WW2
Converging Currents of Globalization
-Communications and transportation
-Economic transformation (multinational corporations, financial institutions, global free-trade agreements, market economies and privatization, global markets)
Multi national corporations
more mobility of economic activity can take place, more interconnectedness -- if the economy is down in USA they can produce things for cheaper else where
Global Free-Trade Agreements
try to lower costa and encourage more trade between countries
Example: NAFTA: north american free trade agreement): North America, Mexico and Canada to promote globalization between countries
Global Consumer Culture
may erode local diversity and cause tension between traditional cultures and external globalizing influences ( more exotic product supplanting the local product -- i.e. McDonalds in China)
ex. film, clothing style
Syncretism (Hybridization)
occurs when American culture spreads abroad and molds with local cultural traditions
The Geopolitical Component of Globalization
United Nations provides representation to all countries
International agreements PROMOTE global trade and cultural exchange
Environmental Concerns of Globalization
-transnational corporations disrupts local ecosystems
-native people lose resource base (ex. Caribbean- no local food production)
-climate change, air and water pollution, deforestation (ex. Tableau island starting to sink because of other countries giving off emissions)
Positive/ Negative Externality
gain/loss that you get due to the actions of somebody else
Possible solution for Environmental Concerns
international treaties
Social Dimensions of Globalization
-Increased International Migration
-Increased Crime (drug cartels, gambling, terrorism, prostitution)
Advantages of Globalization *Pro-Globalization Stance*
-expression of capitalism (growth due to population and profit)
-removal of trade barriers -- faster spread of new ideas, technology, and increased efficiency
-free flow of capital --> enhance overall global economic wealth
-helps poorer countries grow, improve the lives of citizens
Disadvantages of Globalization
-todays core, developed countries did not use free-market economic model to foster their own development
-creation of greater inequalities (poorer countries poorer, richer countries richer)
-free-market, export- oriented economics come at the expense of the locals
-spreads diseases, crime, harmful flora and fauna
Middle Position
-globalization is unavoidable but should be managed
-SOLUTIONS: strong and efficient governments, international organizations, and watchdog groups (make sure benefits outweigh negatives)
-Ex. France (subsidiz
GINI index
how evenly income is distributed throughout a population
since 1960- GINI has been increasing (*more inequality)
-High: Latin America, Africa
-Medium: US, Asia, Australia,
-Lowest Europe, Canada, Eastern Europe (more equally poor)
Global Terrorism
a product and expression of globalization
9/11 terrorist attacks were not attached to a nationalist or regional geopolitical aspiration to achieve independence or autonomy
Asymmetrical Warfare
the terrorist groups don't have the same military power as the countries do, they use guerilla tactics and lower level technology
State
a political unit with territorial boundaries recognized by other countries
-internal pressures can lead to the demise of the state
-Kosobo: not recognized as a state by Russia
nation
refers to a cultural group of people with a similar language and religion (ex. Native American tribes - the Arawak Nation)
# of people on Earth
6.5 Billion People
How many people are born each year?
137 million born each year (16,000 each hour)
Where is the population growth occurring?
90% of population growth in developing regions (Africa, Latin America, South Asia, East Asia)
-due to migration, different family approaches,
-greatest international migration in human history is occurring NOW
Nation State
Arab nation is spread over a number of states
Nations without States
Kurds (largest nation without a state)
Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)
annual growth rate for a country or region as a percentage increase; world RNI is 1.2% per year
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
total number of births divided by the total population; world CBR is 21 per 1,000
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
total number of deaths divided by the total population; world CDR is 9 per 1,000
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
the average number of children born by statistically average woman (world average is 2.7; for Europe it's 1.4; for Africa it's 5.1)
Life Expectancy
average length of life; world average is 67; for Africa it's 52; for Japan it's 82
Population Pyramids
show the gender and percentage of a population in each age group
-rapid growth (nigeria)
-slow growth (US)
-negative growth (germany)
The demographic transition
State 1: Preindustrial: Birth Rate and Death Rate high, low to no population growth
State 2: Transitional: DR drops due to improved food supply and sanitation; population rises
State 3: Transitional; BR drops due to urbanization, education; population rises
Stage 4: Industrial; DR and BR are low; low to no population growth, population is high
What percent of the total world population are migrants?
3% due to the global economy with push and pull factors
Migration Patterns- Push Factors:
negative conditions that drive people FROM a location
examples: cultural oppression, war, unemployment, natural disasters (famine, destruction like Hurricane Katrina)
Migration Patterns- Pull Factors:
favorable conditions at a destination that attract people
examples: job opportunity, economic opportunity, freedom, good climate
Networks
families, friends, and sometimes employers that connect migrants from their origins to their destination
What is the focal point of the modern globalizing world?
cities
i.e: Mexico City and Sao Paolo (Brazil) have more than 20 million residents, add 10,000 each week, expected to double in the next 15 years
urbanized population
percentage of a country's people who live in cities
What is the average percent of the world's populations that live in cities?
48%
developed areas - 75% urbanized
developing areas: lower than 50%
squatter settlements
illegal developments of makeshift housing
overurbanization
urban population grows faster than growth in infrastructure (can't house and accommodate everyone)
Culture
Learned (NOT innate), shared behavior that includes abstract elements like language and religion and material elements like architecture and technology
Cultural imperialism
active promotion of one's cultural system over another - acculturation
acculturation
(same as cultural imperialism) active promotion of one's cultural system over another
cultural nationalism:
the process of defending a cultural system against offensive cultural expression while at the same time promoting local or national values
cultural syncretism or hybridization
the blending of elements of cultures to form a new culture
cultural assimilation
when an immigrant adopts the culture of his/her destination
What is the best characteristic that defines cultural groups?
LANGUAGE
dialect
a distinctive form of language associated with a specific region (ex. American and British English)
Lingua franca
a third language that is adopted by people from different cultural groups within a country who cannot speak each other's language (ex. Swahili in Africa or English in India)
Was there more lingual diversity in the new or old world?
Old World
universalizing religion
attempts to appeal to all people regardless of location or culture (ex. Christianity with 2 billion, Islam with 1.2 billion, Buddhism)
Ethnic religion
identified closely with a specific ethnic group; does not actively seek converts (ex. judaism, hinduism with 850 million in India)
Secularization
exists when people consider themselves to be non-religious or outright atheistic (about 1 billion)
asymmetrical warfare
the differences between a superpower's military technology and stategy and the lower level technology and decentralized guerilla tactics used by Al Qaueda and the Taliban
geopolitics
the close link between geography and political activity
-focuses on the interaction between power, territory and space at all scales
state
-a political unit with territorial boundaries
-recognized by other countries
-internally governed by an organizational structure
nation
a large group of people who share many cultural elements (ex. language, religion, cultural identity) and view themselves as a single political community
Nation-state
a relatively homogenous (similar) cultural group with its own fully independent political territory (ex. Japan, France)
-Kurds are a nation without a state
What is the largest nation without a state?
the Kurds
Centrifugal forces
cultural and political forces acting to WEAKEN or DIVIDE an existing state
Centripetal forces
forces that promote political unity and reinforce the state structure
Examples of Centrifugal forces
linguistic minority status, ethnic separation, territorial autonomy, disparities in income and well-being
Examples of Centripetal forces
shared sense of history, need for military security, overarching economic structure, national symbol
colonialism
formal establishment of rule over a foreign population
-peak of 1914, eve of WW1
decolonialization
the process of a colony's gaining (or regaining) control over its territory and establishing a separate independent government
-peak after WW2
Economic development brings increased prosperity to...
individuals, regions, and nation-states
core-periphery model
-measures more and less developed countries
-economic core in northern hemisphere: US, Canada, western Europe, and Japan
-areas in the south make up less-developed periphery
Economic development
qualitative and quantitative measures that indicate structural changes, how well off we are/ if we are getting "better" economically, socially, etc
Measuring Economic Wealth: GNI
Gross National Income, the value of all final goods and services produced within a country plus net income from abroad
GNI per capita
dividing the GNI by a country's population to get the income on average per person
indicators of social development
how society is using wealth
-mortality rate under 5 (represents food availability and healthcare)
-adult literacy rates (related to economic development, birthrates)
globalization is driving...
a fundamental reorganization of economies and cultures through:
-trade agreements (World Trade Organization)
-supranational organizations (United Nations-power that transcends boundaries)
-military alliances
-cultural exchanges
How does climate link us together in our globalized economy?
opportunities, hardships, challenges in growing food
weather
short-term, day-to-day expression of atmospheric processes
Where is the lowest human development index?
Africa (2003)
Where is the highest human development index?
europe and north america
climate
long-term, average conditions
-at least 30 years of daily weather data (temperatures and precipitation)
climate regions
boundaries drawn around areas with similar average climate conditions (don't have to be in the same part of the world)
Why does precipitation occur unevenly over earth?
due to the uneven distribution of energy and water bodies
-there is more rainfall in tropical zones
What does precipitation result from?
convectional uplift (dominates near the equator)
orographic uplift (movement of air over mountain ranges)
cyclonic uplift (passage of cold and warm fronts - US)
Temperature and Latitude
temperature often depends on latitude
-near the equator there is high solar energy - higher temps.
-elevation- higher up= colder
-land vs. water (warmer in summer, colder in winter)
climographs
provide average high and low temperatures and precipitation for every month in a year
-average high temperature (upper line)
-average low temperature (lower line)
-average precipitation (bars)
About this deck
By: Ke coult
Created: 2011-01-24
Size: 83 flashcards
Views: 913
Created: 2011-01-24
Size: 83 flashcards
Views: 913
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis
Dennis