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- ACE Group Fitness Terms
ACE Group Fitness Terms
About this deck
By: Anonymous
Created: 2011-09-26
Size: 498 flashcards
Views: 32
Created: 2011-09-26
Size: 498 flashcards
Views: 32
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Abduction
Movement away from the midline of the body.
Accent
Emphasis on a given beat.
Acromioclavicular (A/C) joint
The junction of the acromion process of the scapula with the distal clavicle.
Actin
One of the contractile protein filaments in muscles.
Acute Injury
An injury having a sudden onset, characterized by specific pain and swelling and inability to use the injured area normally.
Addiction
The devotion or surrendering of oneself to something habitually or obsessively.
Adduction
Movement toward the midline of the body.
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
One of the chemical by-products of the breakdown of ATP during muscle contraction.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
The immediately usable form of chemical energy needed for all cellular function, including muscular contractions.
Adherence
The amount of programmed exercise someone engages in during a specified time period compared to the amount of exercise recommended for that time period.
Adipose tissue
Body fat.
Adult-onset diabetes
Diabetes and type-two diabetes.
Aerobic
In the presence of oxygen.
Aerobic fitness
Cardiovascular fitness.
Aerobic glycolysis
A metabolic pathway that requires oxygen to facilitate the use of glycogen for energy (ATP).
Aerobic power
Cardiovascular fitness
Affective domain
On of the three domains of learning; involves the learning of emotional behaviors.
Agility
The ability to accelerate, decelerate, and quickly change direction of the position of the body in space, with speed and accuracy.
Agonist
The muscle directly responsible for observed movement; also called the prime mover.
Aldosterone
One of two main hormones released by the adrenal cortex; plays a role in limiting sodium excretion in the urine.
Alpha cells
Endocrine cells in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas responsible for synthesizing and secreting the hormone glucagon, which elevates the glucose levels in the blood.
Alveoli
The smallest membranous air sacs located at the terminal ends of bronchioles where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the blood and air in the lungs.
Amenorrhea
The absence of menstruation.
American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers
One of the two performing rights societies in the United States that represent music publishers in negotiating and collecting fees for the nondramatic performance of music.
Americans with Disabilities Act
Civil rights legislation designed to improve access to jobs, work places, and commercial spaces for people with disabilities.
Amino Acids
The simplest component of dietary protein.
Anabolic
Muscle-building effects.
Anaerobic
Without the presence of oxygen.
Anaerobic glycolysis
A metabolic pathway that does not require oxygen, the purpose of which is to transfer the bond energy contained in glucose (or glycogen) to the formation of ATP.
Anaerobic threshold (AT)
The point at which exercise intensity can no longer meet the metabolic demands of the muscles aerobically and muscles have to rely on anaerobic metabolism for ATP.
Anatomical position
Standing erect with the feet and palms facing forward.
Androgenic
Effects related to masculine characteristics associated with manhood.
Anemia
A disorder caused by a low hemoglobin content in the blood, which reduces the amount of oxygen available to the body's tissues; symptoms include fatigue, breathlessness after exercise, giddiness, and loss of appetite.
Anorexia nervosa
An eating disorder characterized by self-starvation, distorted body image, and an intense fear of becoming obese.
Antagonist
The muscle that acts in opposition to the action of the agonist muscle.
Anthropometric assessment
The measurement of the human body and its parts most commonly measured using skin folds, girth measurements, and body weight.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
A hormone released hy the posterior pituitary gland during exercise; reduces urinary excretion of water and prevents dehydration.
Antioxidants
Chemicals that protect membranes, lipid rich organelles, and lipoproteins (like HDL cholesterol) from being attacked by destructive agents known as free radicals; include vitamin C and E, beta carotene, and selenium.
Aorta
The main artery exiting the left ventricle of the heart.
Apical pulse
A pulse point located a the apex of the heart.
Apparently healthy
A term to describe participants who have no known diseases, no disease symptoms, and two or fewer cardiovascular disease risk factors.
Appendicular skeleton
The 126 bones that from the extremities.
Applied force
An external force acting on a system (body or body segment).
Arrhythmia
Abnormal heart rhythm
Arteries
Blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to vital organs and the extremities.
Arterioles
Smaller divisions of the arteries
Arthritis
Inflammatory condition involving a joint. Referes to Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid arthritis.
Articulation
The point of contact of connection between bones or between bones and cartilage; also called joint.
Associative stage of learning
The second stage of learning a motor skill when performers have mastered the fundamentals and can concentrate on skill refinement.
Assumption of risk
A defense used to show that a person has voluntarily accepted known dangers by participating in a specific activity.
Asthma
An obstructive pulmonary disease caused by constriction of the breathing passages.
Atria
The two upper chambers of the heart (right and left).
Atrophy
A reduction in muscle size (muscle wasting) due to inactivity or immobilization.
Autonomous stage of learning
The third stage of learning a motor skill when the skill has become habitual or automatic for the performer.
Axial skeleton
The bones of the head, neck, and trunk.
Balance
The ability to maintain equilibrium or a desired posture for a set amount of time while stationary or moving.
Ballistic stretching
Dynamic stretching characterized by rhythmic bobbing or bouncing motions representing relatively high-force, short-duration movements.
Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
The energy required to complete the sum total of life-sustaining processes, including ion transport (40% BMR), protein synthesis (20% BMR), and daily functioning such as breathing, circulation, and nutrient processing (40% BMR).
Beats
Regular pulsations that have an even rhythm and occur in a continuous pattern of strong and weak pulsations.
Beta-adrenergic blocking agents
Medications used for cardiovascular and other medical conditions that block or limit sympathetic nervous system stimulation; commonly called "beta blockers."
Beta-adrenergic stimulating agents
Medications used for treating asthma and other pulmonary disorders that stimulate the sympathetic nervous system to cause relaxation of bronchial smooth muscles; sometimes referred to as "beta agonists."
Beta cells
Endocrine cells in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas responsible for synthesizing and secreting the hormone insulin, which lowers the glucose levels in the blood.
Beta oxidation
Fatty acid oxidation.
Binge eating discorder
Characterized by frequent binge eating (without purging) and feelings of being out of control when eating.
Bioelectrical impedance
A noninvasive body-composition assessment method measuring electrical current flow through the body.
Biomechanical balance
Balancing the musculoskeletal stress of various movements.
Blanket license
A certificate or document granting permission that varies and applies to a number of situations
Blood pressure
The driving force that pushes blood through the circulatory system; the pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of the arteries, measured in millimeters of mercury.
Body Composition
The makeup of the body considered as a two-component modle: lean body mass and fat mass.
Body fat
A component of the body, the primary role of which is to store energy for later use.
Body mass index (BMI)
A relative measure of body height to body weight to determine degree of obesity.
Broad ligament
The ligament that extends from the lateral side of the uterus to the pelvic wall; keeps the uterus centrally placed while providing stability within the pelvic cavity.
Broadcast Music, Inc
One of two performing rights societies in the United States that represent music publishers in negotiating and collecting fees for the nondramatic performances of music
Bronchial tree
Name given to describe the continuous branching of the trachea into the bronchi and bronchioles of the lungs
Bronchioles
The smallest tubes that supply air to the alveoli in the lungs
Bronchitis
An obstructive pulmonary disease caused by inflammation of the mucus membranes and bronchial tubes in the lungs.
Bulimia nervosa
An eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by self-induced vomiting, fasting, or the use of diuretics or laxatives.
Burnout
A state of emotional exhaustion caused by stress from work responsibilities.
Caffeine
A relatively harmless and naturally occurring central nervous system stimulant that can be found in about 63 different species of plants (notably coffee and cocoa beans, cola nuts, and tea leaves) and any products made from those plants.
Calcium
The most abundant mineral in the body; involved in the conduction of nerve impulses, heart function, muscle contraction, and the operation of certain enzymes; an in adequate supply of calcium contributes to osteoperosis.
Calorie (note capital C)
Kilocalorie
calorie (note lower case c)
The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius; often used incorrectly in place of kilocalorie (1 kilocalorie = 1,000 calories).
Cancer
Uncontrolled multiplication of certain cells of the body, which can lead to death in the host.
Capacity
The total amount of energy produced.
Capillaries
The smallest divisions from arterioles and leading to venules; site of exchange of nutrients and metabolic waste products.
Carbohydrate
A primary foodstuff used for energy; dietary sources include sugars (simple) and grains, rice, potatoes, and beans (complex). Carbohydrate is stored as glycogen in the muscles and liver and is transported in the blood as glucose.
Cardiac output
The amount (quantity) of blood pumped from the heart per minute.
Cardiac reserve
The work that the heart is able to perform beyond that required of it under ordinary circumstances.
Cardiorespiratory endurance
Cardiovascular fitness.
Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF)
The ability to perform large muscle movement over a sustained period; related to the capacity of the heart-lung system to deliver oxygen for sustained energy production. Also called cardiorespiratory endurance or aerobic fitness.
Cardiorespiratory segment
The portion of a group exercise class designed for improving cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition and keeping the heart rate elevated for a sustained time period.
Cardiovascular disease (CVD)
General term for any disease of the heart.
Cardiovascular endurance
the capacity of the heart, blood vessels, and lungs to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the working muscles and tissues during sustained exercise and to remove metabolic waste products that would result in fatigue.
Carotid pulse
A pulse point located on the carotid artery in the neck about 1 inch below the jaw line, next to the esophagus
Cartilage
A smooth, semi-opaque material that absorbes shock and reduces friction between the bones of a joint.
Catecholamines
Hormones (e.g. epinephrine and norepinephrine) released as part of the sympathetic response to exercise.
Central nervous system (CNS)
The brian and spinal cord.
Cervical vertebrae
The seven vertebral bones of the neck.
Cholesterol
A fatty substance found in blood and body tissues and in certain foods (it is absorbed relatively intact in the diet). In the body it is produced by the liver and is a basic unit for many cells and hormones in the body.
Chondromalacia
A gradual softening and degeneration of the articular cartilage, usually involving the back surface of the patella (kneecap). This condition may produce pain and swelling of a grinding sound or sensation when the knee is flexed and extended.
Chronic bronchitis
Characterized by increased mucus secretion and a productive cough lasting several months to several years.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Term for a spectrum of airway disorders including asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema
Circumduction
A biplanar movement involving the sequential combination of flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction.
Class objectives
Specific objectives for each class meeting, clarifying what the instructor expects the participants to accomplish during each exercise session; objectives help instructors focus on the purpose of each selected exercise and activity.
Closed-chain exercises (CCE)
Exercises that use the body muscles in a weight bearing position; co-contractors, postural stabilizers and the neuromuscular system are all trained at the same time (eg squats and lunges).
Coccyx
The four small vertebral bones making up the tailbone.
Cognitive stage of learning
The first stage of learning a motor skill when performers make many gross errors and have extremely variable performances.
Collagen
The main constituent of connective tissue, such as ligaments, tendons, and muscles.
Combinations
Two of more movement patterns combined and repeated in sequence several times in a row.
Command Style Teaching
A teaching style in which the instructor makes all decisions about rhythm, posture, and duration while participants follow the instructor's directions and movements.
Compilations
Original, copyrightable sequence or a program of dance steps of exercise routines that may or may not be copyrightable in themselves.
Complex carbohydrates
Starch and dietary fibers made up of longer chains of carbohydrate molecules.
Concentric
A type of isotonic muscle contraction where the muscle develops tension and shortens when stimulated.
Congenital
Born with (ie a condition)
Connective tissue
The tissue that binds together and supports various structures of the body. Ligaments and tendons are connective tissues.
Contract
An agreement or promise between two or more parties that creates a legal obligation to do or not to do something.
Contractile proteins
The protein myofilaments that are essential for muscle contraction.
Contraindication
Any condition that renders some particular movement, activity, or treatment improper or undesirable.
Coordination
The ability to perform multiple movements simultaneously; The ability to use the sense (eg sight and hearing) together with body parts to perform motor tasks or movements smoothly and accurately.
Copyright
The exclusive right for a certain number of years, to perform, make, and distribute copies and otherwise use an artistic, musical, or literary work.
Core stability
When the muscles of the trunk function in harmony to stabilize the spine and pelvis to provide a solid foundation for movement in the extremities. It's a key component necessary for successful performance of most gross motor activities.
Cortisol
One of two main hormones released by the adrenal cortex; plays a major role it maintaining blood glucose during prolonged exercise by promoting protein and triglyceride breakdown.
Creatine phosphate (CP)
A high-energy phosphate compound fount within muscle cells, used to resynthesized ATP for immediate muscle contraction.
Cueing
Visual or verbal techniques, using hand signals or minimal words, to inform participants of upcoming movements.
Defendant
The party in a lawsuit who is being sued or accused
Dehydration
The condition resulting from excessive lass of body fluids.
Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)
Soreness that occurs 24 to 48 hours after strenuous exercise, the exact cause of which is unknown.
Dependence
The condition of being influenced or controlled by something else.
Depression
The action of lowering a muscle or bone.
Diabetes
A disease of carbohydrate metabolism in which an absolute or relative deficiency of insulin results in an inability to metabolize carbohydrates normally; also known as diabetes mellitus.
Diaphragmatic breathing
A deep, relaxing breathing technique that helps COPD patients improve their breathing capacity
Diaphysis
The shaft of a long bone.
Diastasis recti
The separation of the recti abdominal muscles along the midline of the body.
Diastolic blood pressure
The pressure in the arteries during the relaxation phase (diastole) of the cardiac cycle.
Dietary Fiber
Fiber
Dietary-induced thermogenesis
The thermic (heat-producing) effect of food; energy spent on digesting and absorbing food, approximately 10% of all energy expenditure.
Disability insurance
Insurance that provides income protection in the event of an injury to the instructor.
Disaccharides
Double sugar units called sucrose, lactose, and maltose.
Distal
Farthest from the midline of the body, or from the point of attachment of the body part.
DNA adducts
A cancer-promoting condition that occurs when a molecule bonds to DNA, which can cause a cellular mutation.
Dorsiflexion
Movement of the foot up toward the shin.
Dowager's hump
An exaggerated outward curve of the thoracic spine, often associated with vertebral fractures and osteoporosis.
Downbeat
The regular strong pulsation in music occurring in a continuous pattern at an even rhythm.
Duration
The length of time of an exercise session.
Dynamic stabilizers
Muscles that contribute to core stability.
Dynamic stretching
Ballistic stretching.
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing
Eating disorders
Disturbed eating behaviors that jeopardize a person's physical or psychological health
Eccentric
A type of isotonic muscle contraction where the muscle lengthens against a resistance when it is stimulated; sometimes called "negative work."
Echocardiography
A sensitive test to identify heart defects.
Electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG)
A recording of the electrical activity of the heart.
Elevation
The action of raising a muscle or bone.
Emphysema
An obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by the gradual destruction of lung alveoli an surrounding connective tissue, in addition to airway inflammation, leading to reduced ability to inhale and exhale
Employee
A person who works for another person in exchange for financial compensation. An employee complies with the instructions and directions of their employer and reports to them on a regular basis.
Endomysium
The thin layer of connective tissue covering each individual muscle fiber in skeletal muscle.
Edosteum
A soft tissue lining the internal surface of the diaphysis on a long bone.
Energy
The potential to perform work or activity.
Energy deficit
Burning more calories then one is consuming, which promotes weight loss.
Epimysium
The layer of connective tissue that entirely surrounds skeletal muscles and thickens into tendons at either end of the muscle.
Epinephrine
A hormone released as part of the sympathetic response to exercise.
Epiphysis
The end of a long bone, usually wider than the shaft (plural: Epiphyses)
Ergogenic aid
An energy-enhancing substance thought to improve athletic performance.
Essential body fat
Fat thought to be necessary for maintenance of life and reproductive function.
Essencial fatty acids
Fat that cannot be produced by the body and must be supplie by the diet. Linoleic acid is the only essential fatty acid.
Estrogen
Hormones produced by the ovary.
Eversion
Rotation of the foot to direct the plantar surface outward.
Excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)
A measurably increased rate of oxygen uptake following strenuous activity. The extra oxygen is used in the processes that restore the body to a resting stat and adapt it to the exercise just performed. Formerly referred to as oxygen debt.
Exercise evaluation
A process of evaluation an exercise based on its effectiveness and safety.
Exercise-induced asthma (EIA)
More than 80% of all asthmatics experience asthma during exercise. EIA is probably caused by the cooling and then drying of the respiratory tract that accompanies the inspiration of large volumes of dry air during exercise.
Exercise intensity
The specific level of physical activity at which a person exercises that can be quantified (eg heart rate, work, RPE); usually reflected as a percentage of one's maximal capacity to do work.
Exercise physiology
The study of how the body functions during physical activity and exercise.
Exercise specificity
Specificity
Extension
An increase in the angle between the anterior surfaces of articulating bones.
External rotation
Outward turning about the vertical axis of bone.
Fast-twitch (FT) fiber
A muscle fiber type specialized for anaerobic metabolism; recruited for rapid, powerful movements such as jumping, throwing, and sprinting.
Fat
An essential nutrient that provides energy, energy storage, insulation, and contour to the body. 1 gram = 9 kcal.
Fat-soluble vitamins
Vitamins that, when consumed, are stored in the body (particularly the liver and fat tissues); includes vitamins A, D, E, and K.
Fatty acid
The simplest component of dietary fat; important for the production of energy during low-intensity exercise.
Fatty acid oxidation
A metabolic pathway involving the breakdown of fatty acids (digested dietary fat) for the production of ATP.
Feedback
An internal response within a learner; during information processing, it is the correctness or incorrectness of a response that is stored in memory to be used for future reference. Also, verbal or nonverbal information about current behavior that can be used to improve future performance.
Fetus
The developed embryo and growing human in the uterus, from usually three months after conception to birth.
Fiber
Carbohydrate chains the body cannot break down for use and which pass through the body undigested.
Field tests
Fitness tests that can be used in mass teaching situations.
Flexibility
The ability to move joints through their normal full range of motion.
Flexion
A decrease in the angle between the anterior surfaces of articulating bones.
Food Guide Pyramid
A guide to assist the public with daily food choices that will accomplish dietary goals. Published in 1992 by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Force
A push or a pull that causes or tends to cause a change in a body's motion or shape
Fracture
Any break in the continuity of a bone, ranging from a simple crack to a severe shatter of the bone with multiple fracture fragments.
Freestyle Choreography
A way of designing the cardiovascular segment of a class that uses movements randomly chosen by the instructor.
Frequency
The number of exercise sessions per week resulting in a training effect.
Frontal plane
A plane that divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) halves.
Functional capacity
The maximum physical performance represented by maximal oxygen consumption.
General liability insurance
Insurance for bodily injury or property damage resulting from general negligence such as wet flooring, an icy sidewalk, or poorly maintained equipment.
Glenohumeral (G/H) joint
The ball and socket joint composed of the glenoid fossa of the scapula and the humeral head.
Glucagon
A hormone released when blood glucose levels are low; stimulates glucose release from the liver to increase blood glucose. Also releases free fatty acids from adipose tissue to be used as fuel.
Glucometer
A devise used by diabetics to check blood sugar.
Glycemic index
A measurement of the impact on blood glucose levels after ingestion of carbohydrates.
Glycogen
The storage form of glucose found int he liver and muscles.
Glycogenolysis
Glycogen breakdown.
Glycolysis
Breakdown of glucose, or its storage form glycogen.
Golgi tendon organ (GTO)
A sensory organ within a tendon that, when stimulated, causes an inhibition of the entire muscle group to protect against too much force.
Graded exercise test
A physician-supervised diagnostic examination to assess a participant's physiological response to exercise in a controlled environment.
Growth hormone (GH)
A hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that facilitates protein synthesis in the body.
Health Belief Model
Suggests that individuals adopt (or do not adopt) healthy behaviors based largely on their appraisal of their susceptibility to an illness combined with their perception of the probable severity of the consequences of having the illness. An additional aspect of this model is the person's view of the benefits of the behavior change as contrasted with the difficulty of changing.
Health screening
A vital process that identifies individuals at high risk for exercise-induced heart problems that need to be referred to appropriate medical care as needed.
Heart rate (HR)
The number of heart beats per minute.
Heart rate reserve
The result of subtracting the resting heart rate from the maximal heart rate; represents the working heart rate range between rest and maximal heart rate within which all activity occurs.
Heat index
Guidelines regarding when exercise can be safely undertaken or when it should be avoided based on measures of heat and humidity.
Hematocrit
A measure of the number of red cells found in the blood, stated as a percentage of the total blood volume. The normal range is 43-49% in men and 37-43% in women.
Hemoglobin (Hb)
A protein molecule in red blood cells specifically adapted to carry oxygen molecules.
Hemorrhagic stroke
Disruption of blood flow to the brain caused by the presence of a blood clot of hematoma.
Heterocyclic amines
Compounds that increase cancer risk, created by charbroiling and grilling foods.
High-density lipoproteins (HDL cholesterol)
Cholesterol that helps move body lipids from places of storage to places of use; referred to as "good" cholesterol.
Homocysteine
A normal by-product of metabolism that can promote development of heart-disease.
Hydration
The process of providing an adequate amount of liquid to bodily tissues.
Hydrogenation
A process by which liquid fats are turned into solids.
Hydrostatic weighing
An underwater test that measures the percentage of lean body weight and body fat, based on the principle that fat floats and muscle and bone sink; considered to the gold standard od body composition assessment due to its accuracy.
Hyperextension
Extension of an articulation beyond anatomical position.
Hyperglycemia
An abnormally high content of sugar in the blood.
Hypertension
High blood pressure.
Hyperthermia
A life-threatening increase in core body temperature.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
A congenital heart defect involving a thickening of the heart muscle.
Hypertrophy
An increase in the size of individual muscle cells.
Hypoglycemia
A blood sugar deficiency caused by too little glucose, too much insulin, or too much exercise in the insulin-dependent diabetic.
Hyponatremia
Low blood sodium levels as a result of overconsumption of water.
Hypoxia
Decrease in the amount of oxygen in inspired air that usually occurs at high altitudes.
Iliotibial band
A band of connective tissue that extends from the iliac crest to the knee and links the gluteus maxims to the tibia.
Inclusion style of teaching
A teaching style that enables multiple levels of performance to be taught within the same activity.
Incompletely fermented fibers
Fibers that do not bind with water, fluids, or cholesterol; serve the function of "scraping" the sides of the bowel.
Incontinence
The loss of sphincter control that results in the inability to retain urine, semen, or feces.
Independent contractors
People who conduct business on their own on a contract basis and are not employees of an organization.
Individual medical insurance
Insurance that provides hospitalization and major medical coverage.
Inferior
Located below.
Informed consent
A written statement signed by a client prior to testing that informs him or her of testing purposes, processes, and all potential risks and discomforts.
Inguinal ligament
The ligament that extends from the anterior, superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle.
Insoluble fiber
Fiber that does not bind with water, fluids, or cholesterol, accelerating the passage of foods through the body while slowing the digestive processes (includes cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignins found in wheat bran, vegetables, and whole-grain breads and cereals.)
Insulin
A hormone secreted into the bloodstream by the pancreas that regulates carbohydrate metabolism.
Insulin-like growth factos
Polypeptides structurally similar to insulin that are secreted either during fetal development or during childhood and that mediate growth hormone activity.
Insulin reaction
The result of hypoglycemia, not enough sugar in the blood, in which diabetics experience symptoms such as anxiety, confusion, headache, and irritability; if unchecked may lead to insulin shock.
Insulin shock
The condition produced when there is excessive insulin present in the bloodstream, causing rapid pulse, dizziness or headache, disorientation, and fainting with possible unconsciousness.
Intensity
Physiological stress on the body during exercise; indicates how hard the body should work to achieve a training effect.
Internal fat
Fat stored deep inside the body.
Internal rotation
Inward turning about the vertical axis of bone.
Interval training
Exercising at high-intensity levels for brief periods (10 seconds to 5 minutes) with intervening rest or relief periods at a lover intensity to allow heart rate to decline.
Inversion
Rotation of the foot to direct the plantar surface inward.
Iron-deficiency anemia
A nutritional deficiency characterized by a lack of hemoglobin or poorly formed red blood cells.
Ischemia
Lack of blood flow to the heart muscle.
Ischemic stroke
A sudden disruption of cerebral circulation in which blood supply to the brain is either interrupted or diminished
Islets of Langerhans
Irregular clusters of endocrine cells scattered throughout the tissue of the pancreas that secrete insulin and glucagon.
Isokinetic
A type of muscular contraction where tension developed within the muscle changes throughout the range of motion; performed with the use of special equipment; also referred to as "variable resistance" exercise.
Isometric
A type of muscular contraction where the muscle is stimulated to generate tension but no joint movement occurs.
Isotonic
A type of muscular contraction where the muscle is stimulated to develop tension and joint movement occurs.
kcal
Kilocalories
Kegel exercises
Controlled isometric contraction and relaxation of the muscles surrounding the vagina to strengthen and gain control of the pelvic floor muscles.
Kilocalorie
The term used to express energy intake and expenditure in nutrition and exercise. A calorie is a unit of energy, specifically the amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of 1 kg of water 1 degree Celsius; 1 kcal equals 1,000 calories.
Kinematics
The study of the form, pattern, or sequence of movement without regard for the forces that may produce that motion.
Kinesiology
The study of the principles of mechanics and anatomy in relation to human movement.
Kinesthetic awareness (kinesthesis)
The perception of body position and movement in space.
Kinetics
The branch of mechanics that describes the effects of forces on the body.
Kyphosis
Excessive posterior curvature of the spine, typically seen in the thoracic region.
Kyphotic
A typel of curve of the spine; concave anteriorly and convex posteriorly
Lactate
Lactic acid (LA)
Lactic Acid
A by-product of anaerobic glycolysis thought to cause localized muscle fatigue associated with very high-intensity exercise.
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body or the outside
Lateral flexion
bending of the vertebral column to the side
Law of acceleration
Newton's second law of motion stating that the force acting on a body in a given direction is equal to the body's mass times its acceleration in the direction.
Law of gravity
Newton's theory stating that every object in the inverse attracts every other object with a force that is proportional to the product of the asses of the two objects and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
Law of inertia
Newton's first law of motion stating that a body at rest will staty at rest and a body in motion will stay in motion unless acted upon by and outside force
Law of reaction
Newton's third law stating that for every applied force there is an equal and opposite reactive force.
Lean body mass
The components of the body including muscles, bones, nervous tissue, skin, blood and organs.
Lecithin
A type of fat called phospholipid manufactured by the body and having both a water-soluble and fat-soluble portion.
Lever
A rigid bar that rotates around a fixed support (fulcrum) in response to an applied fource.
Liability
Legal responsibility
Ligament
Strong, fibrous tissue that connects one bone to another.
Linear progression
Consists of one movement that transitions into another without cycling sequences.
Linoleic acid
The only essential fatty acid. Essential fatty acid
Lipids
The name for fats used in the body and bloodstream.
Lipoproteins
A complex of lipid molecules, which transport cholesterol and other lipids throughout the body.
Lordosis
Excessive anterior curvature of the spine that typically occurs at the low back (may also occur at the neck.)
Low-back pain (LBP)
A general term to describe a multitude of back conditions, including muscular and ligament strains, sprains, and injuries. The cause of LBP is often elusive; most LBP is probably caused by muscle weakness and imbalance.
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol
Cholesterol involved in the artery-blocking process; referred to as "bad" cholesterol.
Lumbar vertebrae
The five vertebrae in the low back, just below the thoracic vertebrae and just above the sacrum.
Macronutrients
The main contributors to energy intake in the diet; carbohydrate, protein, and fat.
Maximal heart rate
The highest heart rate a person can attain.
Maximal heart rate formula
A formula for determining target heart rate based on a percentage of the maximal heat rate. (220-age)
Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max)
The point at which the body's ability to take in oxygen from the atmosphere via the pulmonary system, transport it via the cardiovascular system, and utilize it vai the muscular system reaches a point of little or no change with an additional workload; a direct measure of cardiorespiratory fitness.
Measure
One group of beats in a musical composition marked by the regular occurrence of the heavy accent.
Medial
Toward the midline of the body, or the inside
Megadoses
Large intake levels of vitamins and minerals, possibly dangerous to health.
Meter
The organization of beats into musical patterns or measures.
Micronutrients
Special chemicals needed in minute amounts; found widely in foods; vitamins and minerals.
Minerals
Inorganic (non-carbon-containing) compounds the body requires that must be provided in the diet.
Mitochondria
A highly specialized structure within cells where aerobic glycolysis takes place for energy production; sometimes called the "powerhouse" of the cell.
Mobility
The degree to which an articulation is allowed to move before being restricted by surrounding tissues.
Mode
Type of exercise.
Monosaccharides
Single sugar units called glucose, fructose, and galactose.
Monounsaturated fat
A type of unsaturated fat (liquid at room temperature) that has one spot on the fatty acid for the addition of a hydrogen atom (eg oleic acid in olive oil).
Motor domain
One of the three domains of learning; involves the learning od motor skills.
Motor end plates
The location of the synapse of a motor neuron and muscle cell; also called the neuromuscular junction.
Motor neurons
Nerve cells that conduct impulses from the CNS to the periphery signaling muscles to contract or relax, regulating muscular movement.
Motor skill
The degree to which movements using agility, balance, and coordination are executed.
Motor unit
A motor nerve and all of the muscle fibers it stimulates.
Multiple sclerosis
A common neuromuscular disorder involving the progressive degeneration of muscle function, including increased muscle spasticity.
Muscle spindle
The sensory organ within a muscle that is sensitive to stretch and thus protects the muscle against too much stretch.
Muscle stiffness
The capacity of muscle tissues to resist internal and external loads.
Muscular balance
The symmetry of the interconnected components of muscle and connective tissue.
Muscular endurance
The ability of a muscle or muscle groups to exert force against a resistance over a sustained period of time.
Muscular strength
The maximal force a muscle or muscle group can exert during contraction.
Myofibrils
Thread-like protein strands composing individual muscle cells.
Myofilaments
Collective term for the contractile proteins of a muscle fiber; actin and myosin.
Myosin
Contractile protein in a myofibril.
MyPyramid Food Guidance System
An educational tool designed to help consumers make healthier food and physical activity choices for a healthy lifestyle that are consistent with the 2005 USDA dietary guidelines.
Near-infrared (NIR) light interactance
A body-composition assessment technique that analyzes the amount of near-infrared light reflected from the biceps based on the principle that body fat absorbes light while lean body mass reflects light.
Negligence
Failure of a person to perform as a reasonable and prudent professional would perform under similar circumstances.
Neuron
The basic anatomical unit of the nervous system; the nerve cell.
Neuropathy
A chronic disease linked to diabetes involving diminished sensations in distal extremities (peripheral neuropathy) or altered heart rate (autonomic neuropathy).
Neutral spine position
The balance of vertebrae in the three naturally occurring curves: two slight anterior curves at the neck and low back and one slight posterior curve in the thoracic region.
Nitrates/nitrites
Preservatives used in certain foods (hot dogs and lunch meats) that are converted to carcinogenic nitrosamines, which may increase risk for stomach cancers.
Nitrosamines
Carcinogenic compounds converted from nitrate/nitrite preservatives in the stomach.
Norepinephrine
A hormone released as part of the sympathetic response to exercise.
Nutrients
Components of food needed by the body. There are six classes of nutients: water, minerals, vitamins, protein, carbohydrates, and fats.
Obesity
An excessive accumulation of body fat. Usually defined as more than 20% above ideal weight, or over 25% body fat for men and over 32% body fat for women; also can be defined as a Body Mass Index of >30kg/m2, or a waist girth of >40 inches in men and >35 inches in women.
Omega-3 fatty acids
Fats (found in cold water fish) that can lower blood cholesterol, help prevent blood clots, and may lower high blood pressure.
Open-chain exercise (OCE)
Exercise in which a muscle or muscle group is isolated to function alone (eg seated leg extension).
Osteoarthritis
A degenerative bone disease involving a wearing away of joint cartilage.
Osteoporosis
A condition in which bones weaken and soften due to progressive loss of calcium.
Overload
The principle that a physiological system subjected to above normal stress will respond by increasing in strength or function accordingly.
Overweight
A term to describe an excessive amount of weight for a given height, using height-to-weight ratios.
Oxidative enzymes
Enzymes that initiate fat metabolism by breaking down free fatty acids into aceytl CoA.
Oxidative glycolysis
Aerobic glycolysis
Oxygen consumption (VO2)
The process by which oxygen is used to produce energy for cellular work; also called oxygen uptake.
Oxygen deficit
A situation created at exercise onset when actual oxygen consumption does not immediately meet the physiological requirement for oxygen.
Oxygen uptake
Oxygen consumption
Oxylates
Substances that bind and decrease calcium absorption in the body.
Part-to-whole teaching strategy
A teaching strategy involving breaking a skill down into its component parts and practicing each skill in its simplest form before placing several skills in a sequence.
Partial pressure
The pressure of each gas in a multiple gas system, such as air, which is composed of nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide.
Peak flow meter
A device used to measure the flow of air through the lungs; useful for COPD patients to aid in activity selection.
Pelvic floor
The muscles and tissues that act as a support of reinforcement to the lower border of the pelvis.
Performing rights society
An organization to which the copyright or publishers assigns the nondramatic performing rights in a musical composition.
Perineal
The fibromuscular tissue located between the lower part of the vagina and the anal canal.
Periosteum
A connective tissue sheath surrounding the out surface of the diaphysis of a long bone.
Phosphocreatine
Creatine phosphate
Phospholipid
A fatty substance that has a fat-soluble end and a water-soluble end; an essential part of cell membranes that does not supply calories.
Photosynthesis
Process by which plants turn radiant energy (sunlight) into chemical energy.
Phrase
Two or more measures of music.
Physical activity
Daily movement through either planned activity (exercise) or daily living activities; the most variable component of total energy expenditure at 10-30%.
Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q)
A brief, self-administered medical questionnaire recognized as a safe pre-exercise screening measure for low-to-moderate (but not vigorous) exercise training.
Physical Fitness
The physical components of well-being that enable a person to function at an optimal level.
Physiological balance
The balance of movement intensity (when sequencing moves) combined with movement selection based on the duration of the class.
Phytate
A non-nutrient component of plant seeds that binds with minerals, forming insoluble complexes that the body excretes unused.
Phytochemicals
Biologically active compounds in plants thought to have anti-cancer and anti-heart disease properties when consumed as part of a healthy diet.
Placenta
The vascular organ in mammals that unites the fetus to the maternal uterus and mediates the metabolic exchanges.
Plaintiff
A party who brings a suit against another party in a court of law.
Plantar fasciitis
Inflammation of the plantar fascia, a broad band of connective tissue running along the sole of the foot; caused by stretching of tearing the tissue, usually near the attachment at the heel.
Plantarflexion
Distal movement of the plantar surface of the foot; opposite of dorsiflexion.
Plasma
The liquid portion of the blood.
Plyometrics
High-intensity movements, such as jumping, involving high-force loading of the body weight on the landing phase of the movement.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Compounds that increase cancer risk, created by charbroiling and grilling foods.
Polyunsaturated fat
A type of unsaturated fat (liquid at room temperature) that has two or more spots on the fatty aid available for hydrogen (e.g. corn, safflower, soybean oils).
Posterior
Toward the back of dorsal side.
Postpartum
The period of time after childbirth
Power
The rate at which work is performed; strength over time expressed as
[force x distance]/time; The ability to perform explosive work
Practice style of teaching
A teaching style that provides opportunities for individualization and includes practice time and individualized instructor feedback.
Preclass preparation
Methods or principles for successful group exercise instruction, including professional attributes such as knowing participants' health histories, being available to orient new participants before class, and having music/equipment cued and ready to go before class begins.
Preparticipation (pre-exercise) screening
The process of determining someone's health and fitness status before beginning an exercise program.
Primary bronchi
The two main branches of the trachea or windpipe.
Prime mover
A muscle responsible for a specific movement.
Professional liability insurance
Insurance to protect an instructor against professional negligence of failure to perform as a competent and prudent professional would under similar circumstances.
Progesterone
Hormone produced by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta, the function of which is to facilitate growth of the embryo.
Prognosis
Assessment of progress toward recovery from an accident or condition.
Program goals
Goals established by the instructor to aid participants in developing personal fitness goals, reflecting what the instructor expects students to gain from participation in the grop exercise program.
Pronation
Internal rotation of the forearm causing the radius to cross diagonally over the ulna and the palm to face posteriorly.
Proprioception
The reception of stimuli produced within the body.
Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF)
A stretching technique involving statically stretching a muscle immediately after maximally contracting it against resistance.
Proprioceptors
Somatic sensory receptors in muscles, tendons, ligaments, joint capsules, and skin that gather information about body position and the direction and velocity of movement.
Protein
Compound composed of amino acids that is the major structural component of all body tissue; a complete protein is protein containing all nine amino acids essential to health.
Proximal
Nearest to the midline of the body or point of attachment of the body part.
Psychological balance
Balancing movement complexity with simplicity to avoid compromising form, technique, and safety, and to limit participation frustration.
Public performance
Playing a recording of a copyrighted musical composition at a place where a substantial number of persons outside of a normal circle of a family and its social acquaintances are gathered.
Publisher
The entity to which the owner of a copyrighted artistic, musical, or literary work assigns such copyright for licensing and income-collection purposes.
Pulmonary ventilation
The total volume of gas inspired or expired per minute.
Pulse rate
The wave of pressure in the arteries that occurs each time the heart beats.
Radial pulse
A pulse point located on the thumb side of the wrist.
Range of motion (ROM)
The number of degrees that an articulation will allow one of its segments to move.
Rating of perceived exertion (RPE)
A scale that correlates the participants' perceptions of exercise effort with accutal intensity.
Receptor
Nerve tissue that is sensitive to changes in its environment.
Reciprocal style of teaching
Teaching style that involves using an observer of partner to provide feedback to the performer.
Recommended daily allowances (RDA)
The amounts of selected nutrients that adequately meet the known nutrient needs of most healthy Americans.
Recovery heart rate
The number of heartbeats per minute following the cessation of vigorous physical activity. As cardiorespiratory fitness improves, the heart rate returns to resting levels more quickly.
Relaxin
A hormone of pregnancy that softens connective tissue.
Repetition reduction teaching strategy
Teaching strategy involving reducing the number of repetitions that make up a movement sequence.
Repetitions
The number of successive contractions performed during each weight-training exercise.
Respiration
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the cells and the atmosphere.
Respiratory ventilation
The movement of air into and out of the lungs.
Resting heart rate
The number of heartbeats per minute when the body us at complete rest; usually counted first thing in the morning before any physical activity.
Reversibility principle
The training principle explaining that training adaptations will gradually decline if not reinforced by a maintenance program.
Rheumatoid arthritis
A chronic disease caused by an immune response leading to inflammation of the joint membrane.
Rhythm
A regular pattern of movement or sound that can be felt, heard, or seen.
RICE
An immediate treatment for injury: rest, ice, compression, and elevation
Risk factor
A characteristic, inherited trait, or behavior related to the presence or development of a condition or disease.
Risk management
Minimizing the risk of potential legal liability.
Risk stratification
The classification of participants into risk strata to identify the need for referral to a healthcare provider; to ensure safety of exercise testing and participation, and to determine the appropriate type of exercise text or program.
Rotation
Movement in the transverse plane about a longitudinal axis; can be internal or external.
Rotator cuff
A group of four relatively small muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subsacpularis) that acts ti oppose the constant force of gravity to disclose the joint and stabilize the humeral head by pulling it inward and slightly downward in the glenohumeral joint.
Round ligament
Ligament found on the side of the uterus near the fallopian tube insertion to help the broad ligament keep the uterus in place.
Sacral vertebrae
Part of the axial skeleton; fused together into one bone as the sacrum.
Sagittal plane
A plane that divides the body into right and left halves.
Sarcomere
The basic functional unit of the myofibril containing the contractile proteins that generate skeletal muscle movements.
Saturated fats
Fatty acids carrying the maximum number of hydrogen atoms; these fats are solid at room temperature and are usually of animal origin.
Scapulohumeral rhythm
Combined action of scapular and humeral movement.
Scapulothoracic (S/T) articulation
The articulation of the scapula with the thorax beneath it.
Sciatica
Severe pain in the leg, running from the back of the thigh down the inside of the leg as a result of the compression of, or trauma to, the sciatic nerve.
Scoliosis
Excessive lateral curvature of the spine.
Scope of practice
The range and limit of responsibilities normally associated with a specific job of position.
Screw-home mechanism
A phenomenon that increases knee joint stability by locking the femur on the tibia (or vice-versa) when the knee is fully extended.
Self-check style of teaching
A teaching style that relies on individual performers to provide their own feedback.
Sensory neurons
Nerve cells that convey electrical impulses from sensory organs in the periphery (such as skin) to the spinal cord and brain (CNS).
Serum lipids
Lipids found circulating in the blood.
Shin splints
A general term for any pain or discomfort on the front side of the lower leg in the region of the shin bone (tibia); a common, chronic aerobics injury with several causes.
Shoulder girdle
Scapulothoracic (S/T) articulation
Shoulder joint complex
The three segments of the shoulder: the scapula, clavicle, and humerus.
Simple carbohydrates
Single sugars (monosaccharides) and double sugars (disaccharides).
Simple to complex teaching style
Teaching strategy used to allow participants to learn complex movement at a slower pace, emphasizing proper placement of configuration of a movement pattern (eg teaching a movement at half-tempo).
Slow-twitch (ST) fiber
A muscle fiber type designed for use of aerobic glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation, recruited for low-intensity, longer-duration activities such as walking and swimming.
Soluble fiber
Fiber that binds fluid to delay stomach emptying and glucose absorption, lower blood cholesterol, and aid against constipation.
Spatial teaching strategy
Teaching strategy used when introducing participants to a new body position, involving describing the position of different portions of the body.
Specificity
Exercise training principle explaining that specific exercise demands made on the body produce specific responses by the body; also called exercise specificity.
Speed
The ability to perform a movement within a short period of time or move quickly from one point to another.
Sphincter
A circular muscle, the function of which is constricting an opening.
Sprain
Overstretching or tearing of a ligament and/or joint capsule, resulting in discoloration, swelling, and pain.
Stages-of-change model
A lifestyle-modification model that suggests that people go through distinct, predictable stages when making lifestyle changes; precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance. The process is not always linear; individuals may move back and forth between stages.
Standard or care
Appropriateness of an exercise professional's actions in light of current professional standards and based on the age, condition, and knowledge of the participant.
Static stabilizers
The bony configuration of joints, fibrocartilages, and ligaments that contribute to core stability.
Static stretching
Holding a nonmoving (static) position to immobilize a joint in a position that places the desired muscles and connective tissues passively at their greatest possible length.
Statute of limitation
A formal regulation limiting the period within which a specific legal action may be taken.
Steady state
The term that describes the point at which the energy needs of the body during exercise are being met aerobically.
Step test (submaximal)
A test for cardiovascular fitness that requires the subject to step up and down from a bench at a prescribed rate for a given period.
Sternoclavicular (S/C) joint
The junction of the sternum and the proximal clavicle
Strain
Overstretching or tearing of a muscle or tendon
Stress fracture
An incomplete fracture caused by excessive stress (overuse) to a bone. Most common in the foot (metatarsal bones) and lower leg (tibia).
Stretch reflex
An involuntary motor response that, when stimulated, causes a suddenly stretched muscle to respond with a corresponding contration.
Stroke volume (SV)
the amount (quantity) of blood pumped per heart beat.
Structured choreography
A way of designing the cardiovascular segment of a class that uses formally arranges movement patterns repeated in a predetermined order.
Subcutaneous fat
Fatty deposits or fat pads of storage fat found under the skin.
Superior
Located above.
Supination
External rotation of the forearm (radioulnar joint) that causes the palm to face anteriorly.
Supine
Face up.
Supine hypotension
An abnormal reduction in blood pressure related to postion (lying on the back).
Symphysis pubis
The fibrocartilaginous joint between the pelvic bones in the midline of the body.
Symphysitis
Irritation of the pubic symphysis caused by increased motion at the joint.
Systemic lupus erythmatosus (SLE)
An autoimmune disease that affects connective tissues and results in painful joints and arthritis.
Syncopation
A rhythmic device that temporarily shifts the normal pattern of stresses to unstressed beats or parts of beats.
Synergist
A muscle that aids another muscle in its action.
Systolic blood pressure
The force generated by the heart during its ventricular contractile phase (systole).
Tachycardia
Elevated heart rate over 100 beats per minute.
Talk test
A method for measuring exercise intensity using observation of respiration effeort and the ability to talk while exercising.
Target heart rate (THR)
Exercise intensity that represents the minimum and maximum intensity for safe and effective exercise; also referred to as training zone.
Tempo
The rate of speed of music, usually expressed in beats per minute.
Temporal pulse
Pulse point located on either temple.
Tendinitis
Inflammatory response to microtrauma from overuse of a tendon.
Tendon
Thickened connective tissue at the ends of skeletal muscle that connects muscle to bone.
Tennis elbow
Pain on the outside of the elbow at the attachment of the forearm muscles.
Teratogenic
Nongenetic factors that can cause birth defects in the fetus.
Testosterone
The primary male sex hormone; often abused in supplement from because of its potent anabolic properties.
Thermoregulation
Regulation of the body's temperature.
Thoracic vertebrae
The 12 vertebrae to which the ribs are attached.
Tibial stress syndrome
Shin splints
Tidal volume
Depth of breathing.
Total energy expenditure
Amount of energy expended in a 24-hour period, which includes basal metabolism, physical activity, and dietary-induced thermogenesis.
Trace minerals
Minerals required in very minute amounts for health
Trans fatty acids
Fatty acids created during hydrogenation that provoke heart disease.
Transient osteoporosis
The temporary increase in the porosity of the bone as a result of dietary calcium deficiency
Transverse plane
Plane that divides the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) parts
Triglycerides
The form of 95% of dietary fats and stored fats in adipose tissue, consisting of a glycerol backbone and three fatty acids.
Type 1 diabetes
Form of diabetes caused by the destruction of the insulin-producing beta-cells in the pancreas, which leads to little or no insulin secretion; generally develops in childhood and requires regular insulin injections; formerly known as insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and childhood-onset diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes
Most common form of diabetes; typically develops in adulthood and is characterized by a reduced sensitivity of the insulin target cells to available insulin; usually associated with obesity; formerly known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes millitus (NIDDM) and adult-onset diabeters.
Unsaturated fats
Fatty acids that contain double bonds between carbon atoms and thus are capable of absorbing more hydrogen; liquid at room temperature and usually of vegetable origin.
Upbeat
The regular, weak pulsation in music occurring in a continuous pattern at an even rhythm.
Valsalva maneuver
Holding the breath when a great deal of force is exerted (such as when lifting a very heavy weight), increasing thoracic pressure and possibly impeding venous blood return.
Value statement
Feedback that projects a feeling about a performance, using words such as "good," "well done," or "poor job."
Vascular disturbances
A disruption of circulation
Vascularity
An increase in the number and size of blood vessels enhancing blood supply and oxygen delivery to muscle cells.
Vasoconstriction
Narrowing of the opening of blood vessels (notably the smaller arterioles) caused by contraction of the smooth muscle lining the vessels.
Vasodilation
Widening of the openings of blood vessels caused by relaxation of the smooth muscle lining the vessels.
Vasopressin
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Veins
Blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart from vital organs and extremities.
Ventilation
Rate and depth of breathing
Ventricles
The two lower chambers of the heart.
Venules
Smaller divisions of veins.
Vertebrae
Bones that form the spinal column
Viscous fibers
A type of dietary fiber that helps lover serum cholesterol.
Vital signs
Measurable bodily functions, including pulse rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, skin color, and temperature.
Vitamins
Organic compounds required for optimal health that the body cannot manufacture on its own and must therefore be consumed.
VO2max
Maximal oxygen uptake
Waiver
Voluntary abandonment of a right to file suit.
Water
The most important nutrient in the body, responsible for all energy production, temperature control (especially during vigorous exercise), transportation of all nutrients and waste products in and out of the body, and lubrication of joints and other structures.
Water-soluble vitamins
Vitamins that must be supplied daily, as the body excretes excess amounts (rather than stores them); includes vitamin C and the B-complex vitamins.
Wolff's law
Principle stating that bone is capable of adjusting its stregth in proportion to the amount of stress placed on it.
About this deck
By: Anonymous
Created: 2011-09-26
Size: 498 flashcards
Views: 32
Created: 2011-09-26
Size: 498 flashcards
Views: 32
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