Psych Exam 3
Psychology 111 with Grayson at University of Michigan - Ann Arbor
About this deck
By: Margaret Cox
Created: 2010-12-02
Size: 156 flashcards
Views: 411
Created: 2010-12-02
Size: 156 flashcards
Views: 411
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Demonic Model
view of mental illness in which odd behavior, hearing voices, or talking to oneself was attributed to evil spirits infesting the body.
Medical Model
Perception that regarded mental illness as due to a physical disorder requiring treatment.
EX: Bloodletting, "snake pit"
Asylums
Institutions for the mentally ill
Moral Treatment
Approach to mental illness calling for dignity, kindness, and respect for the mentally ill.
Chlorpromazine
Medication that helped the symptoms of schizophrenia and other disorders related to a loss of reality.
Deinstitutionalization
1960s and 1970s government policy that focused on releasing hospitalized psychiatric patients into the community and closing mental hospitals.
Panic Attacks
4.7%. Panic attacks occur when nervous feelings gather momentum and escalate into intense bouts of fear. Peak in less than 10 min. Dizziness, faintness, pounding heart, fears of going crazy or dying.
Panic Disorder
Repeated and unexpected panic attacks, along with either persistent concerns about future attacks or a change in personal behavior in an attempt to avoid them.
Phobia
Intense fear of an object or situation that's greatly out of proportion to its actual threat. Must restrict our lives, create considerable distress, or both.
Agoraphobia
Fear of being in a place or situation in which escape is difficult of embarrassing, or which help is unavailable in the event of a panic attack. Emerges in the midteens and is a direct outgrowth of panic disorder.
Social Phobia
Marked fear of public appearances in which embarrassment or humiliation is possible. More than stage fright! Deathly afraid of speaking, eating, or performing in public.
Specific Phobia
Intense fear of objects, places, or situations that are greatly out of proportion to their actual threat. Ex: thunderstorms, animals, elevators, water, blood phobia. Widespread in childhood but usually disappear with age.
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Condition marked by repeated and lengthy immersion in obsessions, compulsions, or both.
Obsessions
Inappropriate and unwanted thoughts, idea, or impulses. Persistent
Compulsions
repetitive behaviors or mental acts performed to reduce or prevent stress.
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Marked emotional disturbance after experiencing or witnessing a severely stressful event. Ex: veterans
Major Depressive Episode
State in which a person experiences a lingering depressed mood or diminished interest in pleasurable activities. Symptoms include weight loss and sleep difficulties.
Bipolar I Disorder
Conditioned marked by a history or at least one manic episode.
Manic Episode
Experience marked by dramatically elevated mood, decreased need for sleep, increased energy, inflated self-esteem, increased talkativeness, and irresponsible behavior.
Schizophrenia
severe disorder of thought and emotion associated with a loss of contact with reality. Disturbances in thinking, language, emotion, and relationships with others.
Delusions, Hallucinations, Disorganized Speech
Causes of Anxiety Disorders (Psychological) OCD
Environmental- learned behavior. Operant conditioning. Ex: little albert
Biological- twin studies. Genes affect whether we inherit high levels of neuroticism.
Causes of Anxiety Disorder (Biological) OCD
Biological- Family studies, kids twice as likely to inherit a specific overactive gene. This gene transmits SEROTONIN, Malfunction of the caudate nucleus
Causes of Depression (Psychological)
Social-depressed people elicit hostility and rejection from others, which in turn maintains or worsens their depression.
Having negative beliefs and expectations about one's self.
Causes of Depression (Biological)
Biological- low levels of serotonin and norephinephrine
Causes of Bipolar Disorder (Biological)
Biological- sensitivity to dopamine receptors and decrease in the sensitivity of serotonin receptors. 85% heritability
Causes of Bipolar Disorder (Psychological)
Stressful life events and positive life events can trigger manic episodes.
Causes of Schizophrenia (Biological)
Ventricles are enlarged and deteriorate
Increased size of the sucli
Decreases in the activation of the amygdala and hippocampus
Dopamine pathways cause schizophrenic symptoms like paranoia
Types of Schizophrenia
Catatonic, Paranoid, and Disorganized
Causes of Schizophrenia (Psychological/Environmental)
Family members response to schizophrenia increases symptoms and can cause relapse.
Expressed Emotion- criticism, hostility, and over involvement.
Prevalence of Suicide
11th leading cause of death in US
3rd leading cause for children, young adults, and adolescents
30,000 a year
Risk Factors for Suicide
Bipolar disorder x15
Anxiety disorder, substance abuse, depression, hopelessness
People who have made a prior attempt
Gender in Suicide
x3 men commit suicide
x3 women attempt suicide
Psychoanalysis Therapy
FREUD. Make the patient aware of previously repressed impulses, conflicts, and memories, make the unconscious conscious. Dream analysis, free association, interpretation, resistance, transference, and working through
Psychotherapy
a psychological intervention deigned to help people resolve emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal problems and improve the quality of their lives.
Free Association
technique in which patients express themselves without censorship of any sort.
Psychodynamic Therapy
Less intense form of psychoanalytic therapy. Emphasize role of making the unconscious conscious, early childhood experiences, and interpersonal relationships.
Humanistic/Person-Centered Therapy
Carl Rogers
Emphasis on development of human potential and the belief that human nature is inherently good.
Do not tell patients how to solve their problems, unconditional positive regard, they just need a good "listening" to.
Behavioral Therapy
Focus on specific problem behaviors, and current variables that maintain problematic thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
Positive and Negative reinforcement, identify and quantify the problem, implement a strategy. Ex: Disruptive behavior in children
Cognitive Therapy
Belief that people with mental health disorders have distorted thought patterns and long-held negative core beliefs. Goal is to replace irrational and negative beliefs with more rational and adaptive ones.
Systematic Desensitization
Patients are taught to relax as they are gradually exposed to what they fear in a stepwise manner.
Imagined Scenes
Exposure Therapy
Therapy that confronts patients with what they fear with the goal of reducing that fear.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
treatment that attempts to replace maladaptive or irrational cognitions (thoughts) with more adaptive, rational cognitions (thoughts).
Flooding
Patients immediately experience their greatest fear, with no aversive consequences.
Medications
Anxiety- Anti-anxiety medication
Depression- Antidepressants
Bipolar Disorder- Mood Stabilizers
Schizophrenia- Antipsychotics
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
Patients receive brief electrical pulses to the brain that produce a seizure to treat serious psychological problems. Receive a muscle relaxant
Spontaneous Remission
Natural improvement without necessarily professional help or treatment.
The Placebo Effect
By instilling hope and the conviction that we can rise to life's challenges, virtually any credible treatment can be helpful in alleviating our demoralization.
Self-Serving Biases
Even when they don't approve, patients do not want to admit that they spent so much time, money, and energy without results. They want to find value in the treatment. Ignore or downplay their failures.
Regression to the Mean
Extremely depressed patients will become better no matter what after a first treatment. This tricks therapists into thinking a potentially useless treatment is working.
EX: Psych Test and always doing better the second time.
Retrospective rewriting of the past
Patients believe they improve even when they have not because they misremember their initial (pretreatment) level of adjustment as worse than it was.
Smith and Glass
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Discrete Emotions Theory
Theory that humans experience a small number of distinct emotions.
Primary Emotions
Seven emotions believed by some theorists to be cross-culturally universal. Happiness, Disgust, SAdness, Fear, Surprise, Contempt, Fear, and Anger
Secondary Emotions
our brain "creates" an enormous array of secondary emotions from the small primary number of emotions.
Ex: Alarm is a mixture of fear and surprise
James-Lange Theory
theory proposing that emotions result from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli.
Ex: We're afraid because we run away.
Cognitive Theories of Emotion
Theory proposing that emotions are products of thinking
Cannon-Bard Theory
Theory proposing that an emotion-provoking event leads simultaneously to an emotion and to bodily reactions.
Ex: See a bear in woods triggers both fear and running at the same time. Triggers both an emotion and a bodily reaction.
Two-Factor Theory
Theory proposing that emotions are produced by an undifferentiated state of arousal along with an explanation of that arousal.
Ex: Come upon a bear, we become emotionally aroused (adrenaline) so we either fight or flee. Label arousal as fear.
Misattribution
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Facial Feedback Hypothesis
Theory that blood vessels in the face feed back temperature information in the brain, altering our experience of emotions. Facial features correspond with emotions.
Ex: Smiling while reading cartoons you are more likely to find them funnier
Mere Exposure
Phenomenon in which repeated exposure to a stimulus makes us more likely to feel favorably towards it. Familiarity breads comfort.
Broaden and Build Theory
Theory proposing that happiness predisposes us to think more openly. See the "big picture"
Lybomirsky's Breakdown of Determinants of Happiness
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Affective Forecasting
Ability to predict our own and other happiness
Durability Bias
Belief that both our good and bad moods will last longer than they do.
Hedonic Treadmill
Tendency for our moods to adapt to external circumstances.
Ex: Happiness "set point" that we always go back to. Adaption to positive life circumstances
Impact Bias
Overestimate the intensity of a feeling will be
Drive-Reduction Theory
theory proposing that certain drives, like hunger, thirst, and sexual frustration motivate us to act in ways that minimize aversive states. Satisfaction of them is pleasurable.
Yerkes-Dodson Law
Inverted U-shape relation between arousal on the one hand, and affect and performance on the other.
Underaroused- bored, fidgety, fantasize.
Overaroused- stressed out.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
A model proposing that we must satisfy physiological needs and needs for safety and security before progressing to more complex needs.
Steps of Maslow's Hierarchy
Physiological Needs
Safety Needs
Belonging Needs
Esteem Needs
Self-Actualization
Anorexia
.5-1% population. Starvation, lose 25%-50% of body weight. Mostly women. Symptoms include low weight, loss of period, hair loss, heart problems, life-threatening electrolyte imbalances, and fragile bones.
Bulimia
Recurrent binge eating and then purging. Vomiting, diet pills, laxatives, and excessive exercise. 1-3% of the population. 95% women.
Sexual Desire and Determinants
Testosterone can enhance sexual interest. High levels of serotonin lower sex drive. Variations in a gene that produces DRD4 increase sex drive. 20% pop. have mutation 70% depress. Men desire sex more frequently and experience more sexual arousal.
Master's and Johnson
Pioneering investigation of sexual desire and the human sexual response. Used a lab to monitor couples. Lab included monitoring equipment, cameras recording changes in the vagina, and a bed.
The Four Phases of Sexual Response Cycle
1.) Desire
2.) Excitement
3.)Orgasm
4.) Resolution
Excitement
phase in human sexual response in which people experience sexual pleasure and notice physiological changes associated with it.
Orgasm
phase in human sexual response marked by involuntary rhythmic contractions in the muscles of genitals in both men and women.
Resolution
phase in human sexual response following orgasm, in which people report relaxation and a sense of well-being.
Kinsey Report
1940s and 1950s, Kinsey reported that homosexuality was far more widespread than believed. 10% of the sample was exclusively gay for at least 3 years between the ages of 16 and 35. About 4% of males reported exclusive homosexuality.
Genetic Influences of Sexual Orientation
Being exposed to excessive or not enough testosterone. Prenatal influences. Hypothalamus.
Environmental Influences of Sexual Orientation
Exotic becomes Erotic
Twin Studies show that there are environmental influences.
Social Psychology
study of how people influence others' behavior, beliefs, and attitudes.
The Fundamental Attribution Error
tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences on OTHER people's behaviors. We don't look at a persons situational influences and how they caused the behavior.
Ex: Boss fires a few loyal employees. Callous or under pressure?
Conformity
tendency of people to alter their behavior as a result of group pressure
Asche's Paradigm
Study in which a group of confederates answer a question incorrectly and see if the subject conforms. 75% do even when they know the answer to be wrong.
Parametric Studies
studies in which an experimenter systematically manipulates the independent variable to observe its effects on the dependent variable.
The Autokinetic Effect
Results from tiny movements of the eye muscles that trick your brain into thinking that the dot is in motion. Your brain alters the perceived position of the external world. Explains UFO sitings.
Stanford Prison Study
Zimbardo wondered if dehumanizing conditions in prisons stemmed from peoples personalities or if they were roles that they were required to adopt. 2 weeks of volunteers to be either prisoners or guards. Ended study early because of the psych damage.
Groupthink
emphasis on group unanimity at the expense of critical thinking and sound decision making. Leads to overconfidence
Ex: Kennedy and the Bay of Pigs. Invaders were outnumbered and outgunned. Captured or killed. "How could I have been so stupid?"
Group Polarization
tendency of group discussion to strengthen the dominant positions held by individual group members.
Ex: Students who were slightly unprejudiced became even less prejudice after discussing racial issues.
Obedience
Adherence to instructions from those of higher authority.
Milgrim's Paradigm
Subjects give confederate (fake) electric shocks for every wrong answer they give. The instructor is in the room urging you on and the shocks can eventually reach XXX. Instructor says there will be no tissue damage but confederate screams. 62% XXX
Variations to Milgrim's Paradigm
Remote Feedback- 65%, Learner only pounds the wall
Voice Feedback- 62%
Proximity Condition- 40% Learner in same room
Touch Proximity- 30%
Telephone- 30%, instructor diff. room
Second Experimenter- 0%, instructors disagree
Teacher orders other subject- 93%
Prosocial Behavior
Behavior intended to help others.
Bystander Effect
a consequence of "psychological paralysis" versus apathy. Bystanders want to intervene but find themselves frozen. Danger in numbers.
Pluralistic Ignorance
error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do. Do not recognize an emergency.
Ex: See a student slumped across a bench. Is he dead? Sleeping? Nobody else is reacting and assume that the situation is not an emergency.
Diffusion of Responsibility
reduction in feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others. Do not feel the burden of responsibility for the consequences of NOT intervening.
Ex: Man has a heart attack with people around. Not ALL YOUR fault.
Social Loafing
phenomenon whereby people become less productive in groups.
Ex: Group Projects
Altruism
helping others for unselfish reasons.
5 Steps of Helping
1.) Noticing
2.) Interpreting
3.) Taking Responsibility
4.) Deciding
5.) Providing
Beliefs vs. Attitudes
A belief is a conclusion regarding factual evidence while an attitude is a belief that includes an emotional component.
Ex: Do you think the death penalty is effective? Belief
How do you feel about the death penalty? Attitude
Attitudes and Predicting Behaviors
Attitudes are not good predictors of behaviors.
Ex: Chinese discrimination. 90% said they would not serve them, 127 out of 128 did.
Ex: Low self-monitors aka straight shooters. Attitudes predict behavior.
Cognitive Dissonance
unpleasant mental experience of tension resulting form two conflicting thoughts or beliefs.
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
an influential model of why our attitudes change. Reduce anxiety of holding two attitudes or beliefs that are inconsistent by changing cognition A or B, or creating a new cognition C.
Self-Perception Theory
theory that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviors.
Ex: Told somebody you really enjoy a task and get only get paid $1 for it. So you guess you really did like the task.
Impression Management Theory
theory that we don't really change our attitudes, but report that we have so that our behaviors appear consistent with our attitudes.
Ex: Don't want to look like a hypocrite
Dual Process Model
there are two alternative pathways to persuading others.
1.) Central Route
2.) Peripheral Route
Central Route
leads us to evaluate the merits of persuasive arguments carefully and thoughtfully.
Peripheral Route
leda us to respond to persuasive arguments on the basis of snap judgements. Can be fooled by superficial factors such as how attractive, famous, or likable the communicator is.
Foot-in-the-Door Technique
persuasive technique involving making a small request before making a bigger one.
Door-in-the-Face Technique
persuasive technique involving making an unreasonably large request before making a bigger one.
Ex: Asking for $100 donation before a $10.
Low-Ball Technique
persuasive technique in which the seller of a product starts by quoting a low sales price, and then mentions all of the "add-on" costs once the customer has agreed to purchase the product.
Ex: Infomercials
Prejudice
drawing conclusions about a person, group of people, or situation prior to evaluating the evidence.
In-Group Bias
tendency to favor individuals within our group over those from outside our group.
Out-Group Homogeneity
tendency to view all individuals outside our group as highly similar.
Stereotypes
a belief, positive or negative, about the characteristics of members of a group that is applied generally to most members of the group.
Discrimination
negative behavior towards members of out-groups
Implicit vs. Explicit Stereotypes
Beliefs about the characteristics of an out-group about which we're either unaware (implicit) or aware (explicit)
Ultimate Attribution Error
assumption that behaviors among individual members of a group are due to their internal dispositions. Behaviors not based on situational factors.
Ex: Whites interpret a shove to be intentional from a African American than another white.
Scapegoat Hypothesis
claim that prejudices arises from a need to blame other groups for our misfortunes.
Ex: Lynching of blacks increased when the the price of cotton increased
Just-World Hypothesis
claim that our attributions and behaviors are shaped by a deep-seated assumption that the world is fair and all things happen for a reason.
The Three Agencies of the Human Psyche
Id, Ego, Superego
Id
the reservoir of our most primitive impulses, including sex and aggression.
Ego
pyche's executive and principal decision maker. The boss of personality.
Superego
our sense of morality
Repression
Motivated forgetting of emotionally threatening memories or impulses.
Ex: A person who witnesses a traumatic combat scene finds himself unable to remember it
Regression
the act of returning psychologically to a younger age
Ex: A college student starts sucking his thumb during a difficult exam
Displacement
directing an impulse from a socially unacceptable target onto a safer and more socially acceptable target
Ex: Having a rough day at work and punching the punching bag instead of coworkers.
Projection
unconscious attribution of our negative characteristics to others.
Ex: a man with a power unconscious sexual impulses toward females complains that other women are always "after him".
Intellectualization
avoiding emotions associated with anxiety-provoking experiences by focusing on abstract or impersonal thoughts
Ex: a woman who gets cheated on thinks according to psychologists, men are naturally sexually promiscuous, so there's no reason to worry.
Identification with the Aggressor
process of adopting the characteristics of individuals we find threatening
Ex: Holocaust survivors who identified with concentration camp guards
Freud's Stages of Psychosexual Development
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
Oral State
psychosexual stage that focuses on the mouth
Anal Stage
focus on toilet training
Phallic Stage
focuses on genitals
Latency Stage
sexual impulses are submerged into the unconscious
Genital Stage
sexual impulses awaken and typically begin to mature into romantic attraction toward others.
Oedipus Complex
conflict during phallic stage in which boys supposedly love their mothers romantically and want to eliminate their fathers as rivals
Electra Complex
conflict during phallic stage in girls supposedly love their fathers and want to eliminate their mothers as rivals
Penis Envy
supposed desire or girls to possess a penis.
Locus of Control
extent to which people believe that reinforcers and punishers lie inside or outside of their control.
Ex: Life is in our control vs. luck
The Big 5 Traits of Personality
Extraversion, Neuroticism, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, and Openness to Experience
Extraversion
Extraverted people are social and lively
Neuroticism
neurotic people tend to be tense and moody
Conscientiousness
careful and responsible
Agreeableness
friendly and easy to get along with
Openness to Experience
intellectually curious and unconventional
MMPI and MMPI-2
widely used structured test designed to assess symptoms of mental disorders. possess low face validity, consist of ten basic scales.
MMP-2 contains 3 validity scales
CPI
assesses personality traits in the normal range, such as dominance, flexibility, and sociability
Projective Tests
tests consisting on ambiguous stimuli that examinees must interpret or make sense of
Rorschach
Inkblot Test. Consisted of 10 symmetrical inkblots
Thematic Apperception Test
projective test requiring examinees to tell a story in response to ambiguous pictures
PT Barnum Effect
tendency of people to accept high base rate descriptions as correct
Ex: Horoscopes, tarot card readings, crystal ball. They are generalized descriptions that could apply to almost anyone
Ekman
psychologist that proved facial expressions are universally cross-cultured and therefore biological in origin.
Microexpression
A tiny facial expression that lasts for less than a quarter of a second. Exposes lying. Only 50 out of 15,000 people could naturally spot lying without formal training.
Ex: Lie to Me
About this deck
By: Margaret Cox
Created: 2010-12-02
Size: 156 flashcards
Views: 411
Created: 2010-12-02
Size: 156 flashcards
Views: 411
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy
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